Musa, Bushi Kasimu, Akintola Ismail, and Akintola Abdallah. 2023. “Socio – Economic and Financial Efects of Kidnapping in Birnin Gwari Local Governmant Area of Kaduna State ”. European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19 (4), 42. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n4p42.