European Scientific Journal, ESJ

Access to Leadership Positions and Career Trajectories for Georgian and American Women (XX–XXI)

2026-06-10T20:30:45+00:00

This article examines how women in Georgia and the United States have gained wider access to education and paid employment while continuing to encounter uneven access to leadership positions and interrupted career trajectories. The study adopts a qualitative comparative literature review and policy analysis, drawing on recent international reports, national statistical materials, and scholarly research on gendered organizations, role congruity, care work, and flexible work. The article argues that leadership inequality is not caused by a simple shortage of qualified women; rather, it is reproduced through organizational expectations, unequal care responsibilities, promotion cultures, occupational segregation, regional inequalities, and the unequal valuation of flexibility. The comparison shows that the United States presents a highly developed corporate pipeline with measurable gains in senior leadership, yet persistent barriers at the first step into management and continuing racialized and caregiving penalties. Georgia, by contrast, presents a more transitional labor market, where formal equality exists alongside enduring patriarchal norms, uneven regional opportunity, limited care infrastructure, and restricted access to high-quality employment. Across both contexts, flexible and hybrid work may support women’s labor-force continuity, but without transparent evaluation systems and intentional leadership pathways, it can also reduce visibility, sponsorship, and promotion opportunities. The article concludes that sustainable equality in leadership requires not only individual ambition or educational attainment but institutional redesign: transparent promotion criteria, accessible childcare, gender-responsive labor policy, mentorship and sponsorship systems, pay transparency, and protection against flexibility stigma.

Changement climatique, gouvernance foncière et catastrophes naturelles dans la commune de Lukemi à Kikwit (République Démocratique du Congo)

2026-06-10T13:19:18+00:00

Cet article a pour objectif de montrer que les acteurs fonciers officiels ne jouent pas leurs rôles dans la gestion des terres à Ngulu Nzamba. Pour atteindre ce but, nous avons utilisé la recherche documentaire, les entretiens, le questionnaire d’enquête et quelques outils (SIG, Appareil photographique). Les résultats montrent que les chefs coutumiers se sont immiscés dans les opérations illicites de lotissement et de vente des parcelles. Ceci explique l’occupation spontanée des espaces marginaux sur des fortes pentes. Ces parcelles ne disposent pas de titres immobiliers légaux. Lotissements non cadastrés et non sécurisés, ils génèrent des conflits récurrents dus à la mixité de causes. Aussi, l’auto-construction sur des espaces en pentes très vulnérables est à l’origine des glissements des terrains, des coulées de boues, des éboulements et des érosions ravinantes dans ce contexte de changement climatique. L’article recommande la vulgarisation de la loi foncière, la sensibilisation de la population sur les différentes étapes relatives à l’obtention des parcelles et des titres fonciers, le renforcement des capacités des agents de services du Cadastre, de l’Urbanisme et Habitat. L’article recommande aussi que la loi foncière soit réellement appliquée pour minimiser les conflits fonciers et les catastrophes naturelles.

The purpose of this article is to show that official land actors do not play their roles in land management in Ngulu Nzamba. To achieve this goal, we used documentary research, interviews, the survey questionnaire and some tools (SIG, Camera). The results show that the customary chiefs have interfered in illegal housing operations and the sale of plots. This explains the spontaneous occupation of marginal spaces on strong slopes. These plots do not have legal real estate securities. These non-cadastral and unsecured subdivisions generate recurring conflicts due to the mix of causes. Also, the auto construction on very vulnerable slopes is at the origin of the landslides of the land, sludge flows, landslides and revolving erosions. This article recommends popularization of land law, awareness of the population on the different stages relating to obtaining plots and land titles, capacity building of cadaster, town planning and habitat service agents. This article also recommends that land law is really applied to minimize land conflicts and natural disasters.

Régénération et reconstitution de cinq essences commerciales de l’UFA Ipendja

2026-06-10T13:19:17+00:00

Cet article analyse la reconstitution de cinq essences commerciales dans l’UFA Ipendja, au nord du Congo, pour évaluer la capacité de régénération des forêts après exploitation. L’étude s’appuie sur 76 placettes de 100 x 25 m. Les espèces étudiées incluent Entandrophragma cylindricum, Entandrophragma utile, Khaya anthotheca, Pterocarpus soyauxii et Afzelia bipindensis. Les données proviennent d’inventaires systématiques sur des arbres de 10 à 129,99 cm de diamètre. La densité des petites tiges et le taux de reconstitution ont été évalués selon la norme FAO de 50 %. Les résultats montrent la dominance de Pterocarpus soyauxii et d’Entandrophragma cylindricum, mais une régénération limitée dans les petites classes de diamètre. Entandrophragma cylindricum présente encore des diamètres élevés, tandis que Pterocarpus soyauxii affiche un meilleur indice de reconstitution. Le test du χ² (22,89 ; ddl = 4 ; p < 0,05) indique une diminution significative des effectifs dans la zone exploitée, tendance susceptible de s’accentuer malgré les recrus observés.

This article analyzes the regeneration of five commercial tree species in the Ipendja Forest Management Unit (FMU) in northern Congo to assess forest regeneration capacity after logging. The study is based on 76 plots measuring 100 x 25 m. The species studied include Entandrophragma cylindricum, Entandrophragma utile, Khaya anthotheca, Pterocarpus soyauxii, and Afzelia bipindensis. Data were obtained from systematic inventories of trees ranging from 10 to 129.99 cm in diameter. Small stem density and regeneration rate were assessed according to the FAO standard of 50%. The results show the dominance of Pterocarpus soyauxii and Entandrophragma cylindricum, but limited regeneration in the smaller diameter classes. Entandrophragma cylindricum still exhibits large diameters, while Pterocarpus soyauxii shows a better regeneration rate. The χ² test (22.89; df = 4; p < 0.05) indicates a significant decrease in numbers in the exploited area, a trend likely to intensify despite the observed recruitment.