European Scientific Journal, ESJ

Effect of Gross Domestic Product and Exchange Rate on Rice Export Promotion and Competitiveness in Nigeria: 2000-2023

2026-02-20T22:15:34+00:00

This study investigated the effects of GDP and exchange rate on rice export promotion in Nigeria from 2000 to 2023. The study employed time series data. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Autoreggressive Distributed Lag methods (ADLM) were used for the estimation of the models. The variables are stationary at level. The result of the trend estimation shows positive and significant trend at (P>1%) for exchange rate and rice export. Furthermore, the result of the trend estimation shows negative and significant trend at (P>1%) for Gross Domestic Product. The estimated Ordinary Least Square result shows that the coefficient of exchange rate (EXR) is negative and significant at (P>10%). The result also shows that the coefficient of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is positive and significant at (P>10%). The estimated Autoreggressive distributed lag result shows that the coefficient of exchange rate (EXR) and GDP (-1) is negative and significant at (P>5%). The result further shows that the coefficient of GDP, GDP(-2) and rice export(-2) is positive and significant at (P>5%). The result shows that there is causality from exchange rate to gross domestic product. It also shows that there is no causality from exchange rate and GDP to rice export implying that rice export is not competitive. Therefore this study recommends that the Government develops export-friendly policies, negotiate trade agreements, and explore partnerships to gain access to international markets for Nigerian rice. Also, attract private sector investments in the rice value chain, from production to processing and marketing, so as to enhance competitiveness.

Criminal Liability of Legal Persons According to Albanian Judicial Practice

2026-02-20T10:06:41+00:00

The work addresses the criminal liability of legal persons in Albanian criminal law, aiming for a balanced analysis of the normative framework and its application in judicial practice. The study begins with an examination of the provisions of the 1995 Criminal Code, which laid the foundations for the criminal liability of legal persons, and continues with an analysis of Law No. 9754/2007, which is a lex specialis in this field in Albania.

The work primarily focuses on the practice of the Supreme Court, particularly analyzing the conditions under which a criminal offense is considered committed in the name and for the benefit of a legal person, the role of representatives and governing bodies in establishing the link between individual acts and the criminal liability of the subject, and the criminal sanctions applied by courts, including both primary and supplementary penalties.

In conclusion, the study offers a critical assessment of the effectiveness of the existing legal framework and judicial practice, highlighting specific issues and drawing conclusions about the need for clarification and further improvement in the treatment of the criminal liability of legal persons by the courts, as well as the necessity for legislative changes.

Anatomical Study of the Grasscutter’s Aorta (Thryonomys swinderianus, Temminck 1827)

2026-02-20T10:04:46+00:00

Introduction: The largest artery in the body, from which practically all other arteries originate, knowledge of the anatomy of the grasscutter’s aorta, an anatomical model, is important. Aim: We aim to describe the grasscutter’s aorta and identify its main branches. Materials and methods: This was a morphological, cross-sectional, and descriptive study of the aortas of five large grasscutter species. Final killing was performed by exsanguination from the left ventricle after a thoraco-abdominal part under general anesthesia. Aorta dissections were performed on fresh grasscutter species and after vascular injection of colored latex. The parameters studied were the origin, route-termination, main branches, and the length and diameters of the aorta. Results: The aorta originated at the base of the left ventricle and terminated at the entrance to the pelvic cavity after an initial course describing an arch and then a nearly medial thoracic and abdominal segment in the cranio-caudal direction. The main branches were two coronary arteries, two supra-aortic trunks, a constant celiac trunk, either one mesenteric artery or two mesenteric arteries. The average length of the aorta was 132.48 mm with average diameters of 1.60 mm; 1.46 mm and 1.04 mm respectively at the ascending aorta, the descending thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta. Conclusion: The grasscutter’s aorta qualitatively presents the same main branches as that of humans.