https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/issue/feed European Scientific Journal, ESJ 2026-04-19T13:40:11+00:00 ESJ Editorial Office contact@eujournal.org Open Journal Systems <h5><strong>ESJ SOCIAL SCIENCES&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;ESJ HUMANITIES&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;ESJ NATURAL/LIFE/MEDICAL SCIENCES&nbsp; &nbsp;</strong></h5> <h5><em><strong>50.000+ authors from all around the globe&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Over 15 million website visits&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Open Access</strong></em></h5> https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/20913 Déterminants de la participation des femmes à la prise de décision au sein du ménage au Mali 2026-04-19T13:40:11+00:00 Fadogoni Diallo a@yahoo.com Soumaïla Oulale a@yahoo.com Anna Traore a@yahoo.com Sadou Doumbo a@yahoo.com <p>Malgré l'adoption de la Politique Nationale du Genre en 2011, le Mali occupe le 155ème rang mondial selon l'Indice d'Inégalité de Genre (IIG). Cette étude analyse les facteurs entravant la participation des femmes aux décisions domestiques, pilier essentiel de leur autonomisation et du développement économique. L'analyse révèle que l'influence des femmes au sein du ménage est favorisée par :</p> <ul> <li>L'éducation : Un niveau scolaire élevé accroît significativement le pouvoir décisionnel.</li> <li>L'économie : Les femmes exerçant une activité génératrice de revenus participent davantage aux choix familiaux.</li> <li>L'environnement : La résidence en milieu urbain (notamment à Bamako) et l'appartenance à certaines ethnies ou religions (christianisme) sont des facteurs facilitants.</li> </ul> <p>Pour réduire ces disparités, l'étude préconise de renforcer l'éducation des filles, de faciliter l'accès au microcrédit et de sensibiliser les leaders communautaires en milieu rural pour faire évoluer les normes sociales.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Despite the adoption of the National Gender Policy in 2011, Mali ranks 155th in the world according to the Gender Inequality Index (GII). This study analyzes the factors hindering women's participation in domestic decision-making, an essential pillar of their empowerment and economic development. The analysis reveals that women's influence within the household is promoted by:</p> <ul> <li>Education: A high level of education significantly increases decision-making power.</li> <li>Economics: Women who engage in income-generating activities participate more in family decisions.</li> <li>Environment: Living in an urban area (particularly in Bamako) and belonging to certain ethnic groups or religions (Christianity) are facilitating factors.</li> </ul> <p>To reduce these disparities, the study recommends strengthening girls' education, facilitating access to microcredit, and raising awareness among community leaders in rural areas to change social norms.</p> 2026-04-19T13:40:10+00:00 Copyright (c) 2026 Fadogoni Diallo, Soumaïla Oulale, Anna Traore, Sadou Doumbo https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/20910 Vécu et stratégies d’adaptation des travailleurs humanitaires au Burkina Faso, au Niger et à Madagascar et arrêt des financements humanitaires en janvier 2025 2026-04-16T12:08:58+00:00 W. Adama Luc Sawadogo a@yahoo.com Alassane Abdou Djibo a@yahoo.com <p>Le contexte humanitaire devient de plus en plus complexe, les interventions humanitaires doivent combiner l’urgence, le développement et la résilience, avec un accent croissant à la localisation et à la participation communautaire. Au-delà de la complexité croissante des crises, le secteur humanitaire ne garantit que rarement des trajectoires professionnelles durables. C’est dans ce sens que nous démontrons à travers cette étude que la suspension brusque des fonds américains a été un événement traumatique pour les humanitaires dans les trois pays (Burkina-Faso, Niger et Madagascar). La réalisation de cette étude s’est faite à travers des études de cas auprès de vingt-sept (27) participants dans chacun des trois pays. Les résultats montrent un vécu avec des troubles du sommeil, des inquiétudes, de la peur chez les personnels victimes de licenciement inattendu et brutal de licenciement brusque et des stratégies d’adaptations fonctionnelles et dysfonctionnelles.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>The humanitarian context is becoming increasingly complex, and humanitarian interventions must combine emergency response, development, and resilience, with a growing emphasis on localization and community participation. Beyond the increasing complexity of crises, the humanitarian sector rarely guarantees sustainable career paths. It is in this context that we demonstrate through this study that the abrupt suspension of US funding was a traumatic event for humanitarian workers in the three countries (Burkina Faso, Niger, and Madagascar). This study was conducted through case studies with twenty-seven (27) participants in each of the three countries. The results show that staff experienced sleep disturbances, anxiety, and fear following the unexpected and abrupt termination of their aid, as well as functional and dysfunctional coping strategies.</p> 2026-04-16T12:08:53+00:00 Copyright (c) 2026 W. Adama Luc Sawadogo, Alassane Abdou Djibo https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/20909 Payment Methods in International Trade from Georgian Law Perspective 2026-04-16T12:06:26+00:00 Levan Gotua a@yahoo.com <p>This article examines the legal structure and function of payment methods in international trade, focusing on their role as mechanisms of risk allocation and aiming to provide an overview of this topic from Georgian law perspective. It argues that instruments such as letters of credit, documentary collections and open account transactions operate not only as mere commercial tools but also as legal architectures. While Georgian law formally, and in author’s view, to some extent insufficiently, incorporates international trade finance standards through the Civil Code and recognition of international commercial practices, this area still remains underdeveloped in doctrinal articulation and judicial interpretation. Along with using of other scientific methods, this article, above all, by means of comparative analysis with the European Union law, doctrines and practices of EU countries and the framework of the EU–Georgia Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), aims to demonstrate that Georgia’s trade finance system exhibits certain structural dependence on external norms. Accordingly, it concludes with proposing some doctrinal and institutional reforms with the goal of strengthening legal certainty and enhancing judicial engagement with trade finance principles.</p> 2026-04-16T12:06:26+00:00 Copyright (c) 2026 Levan Gotua