European Scientific Journal, ESJ https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj <h5><strong>ESJ SOCIAL SCIENCES&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;ESJ HUMANITIES&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;ESJ NATURAL, LIFE &amp; MEDICAL SCIENCES&nbsp; &nbsp;</strong></h5> <h5><em><strong>International </strong></em><em><strong>Peer Review&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Open Access&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Join 50,000+ </strong></em><em><strong>researchers worldwide</strong></em></h5> European Scientific Institute, ESI en-US European Scientific Journal, ESJ 1857-7881 Gbado-Lité au Cœur du Grand Équateur : Analyse des Rôles et Fonctions d’un « Versailles de la Jungle » https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/21061 <p>L’article met en évidence le rôle stratégique que Gbado-Lité devait jouer dans l’aménagement du territoire et le développement de la province du Nord-Ubangi. Construite sous le régime de Mobutu Sese Seko, la ville avait été conçue comme un centre administratif, économique, résidentiel et touristique. Grâce à des infrastructures modernes telles que l’aéroport international, le barrage hydroélectrique et plusieurs usines, Gbado-Lité représentait un pôle important d’organisation et de connexion régionale. Cependant, après la chute du régime de Mobutu, la ville a connu un important déclin. Les infrastructures ont été progressivement abandonnées ou détruites, entraînant une perte de son rôle dans le développement régional. Aujourd’hui, Gbado-Lité souffre d’un déficit majeur en équipements et infrastructures de base : routes dégradées, faible accès à l’eau potable et à l’électricité, insuffisance des marchés et des infrastructures sanitaires, ainsi que fermeture de plusieurs unités industrielles. Cette situation a des conséquences sociales et environnementales importantes, notamment la pauvreté, l’insalubrité, les maladies, l’érosion et les inondations. Malgré ces difficultés, l’étude souligne que Gbado-Lité conserve un fort potentiel territorial grâce à sa position géographique, ses ressources agricoles et son patrimoine touristique. Les auteurs recommandent donc la réhabilitation des infrastructures, l’amélioration des équipements urbains et la relance des activités économiques afin de permettre à Gbado-Lité de redevenir une véritable ville secondaire capable de soutenir le développement de la province du Nord-Ubangi.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>The article highlights the strategic role that Gbado-Lité was expected to play in territorial planning and the development of the Nord-Ubangi province. Built during the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko, the city was designed as an administrative, economic, residential, and tourist center. Thanks to modern infrastructure such as the international airport, the hydroelectric dam, and several factories, Gbado-Lité represented an important hub for regional organization and connectivity. However, after the fall of Mobutu’s regime, the city experienced significant decline. Infrastructure was gradually abandoned or destroyed, leading to a loss of its role in regional development. Today, Gbado-Lité suffers from a major lack of basic equipment and infrastructure: deteriorated roads, limited access to drinking water and electricity, insufficient markets and health facilities, as well as the closure of several industries. This situation has major social and environmental consequences, including poverty, poor sanitation, diseases, erosion, and flooding. Despite these difficulties, the study emphasizes that Gbado-Lité still has strong territorial potential thanks to its geographical position, agricultural resources, and tourist heritage. The authors therefore recommend the rehabilitation of infrastructure, the improvement of urban facilities, and the revival of economic activities in order to enable Gbado-Lité to once again become a true secondary city capable of supporting the development of the Nord-Ubangi province.</p> Pascal Munguromo Urwodhi Hilaire Katalayi Mutombo Copyright (c) 2026 Pascal Munguromo Urwodhi, Hilaire Katalayi Mutombo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-05-26 2026-05-26 53 850 850 Effets de la trêve sociale sur les conditions de vie des enseignants et du personnel de santé en Côte d’Ivoire : une approche quantitative de la question https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/21055 <p>La signature de la trêve sociale en 2022 a suscité de nombreuses attentes parmi les fonctionnaires ivoiriens. Cependant, les conflits sociaux qu’elle était censée supprimer ou réduire persistent. Ainsi, l’article vise, à partir d’une revue de littérature et d’une enquête en ligne réalisée auprès de&nbsp; 101 enseignants et personnel de santé, à mettre au jour l’écart entre les attentes résultant de la signature de la trêve sociale en 2022 et les conditions de vie des enseignants et du personnel de santé. L’article conclut que la trêve sociale a eu des effets limités sur les conditions de vie des enquêtés dont les besoins sont largement au-dessus de la rémunération perçue en dépit des efforts du gouvernement.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>The signing of the social truce in 2022 raised many expectations among Ivorian civil servants. However, the social conflicts that it was supposed to suppress or reduce persist. The article aims, based on a literature review and an online survey of 101 teachers and health personnel, to bring to light the gap between the expectations resulting from the signing of the social truce in 2022 and the living conditions of teachers and health personnel. The article concludes that the social truce has had limited effects on the living conditions of the respondents, whose needs far exceed the remuneration received despite the government's efforts.</p> Adou Appiah Copyright (c) 2026 Adou Appiah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-05-22 2026-05-22 53 828 828 Rice Export and Its Effect on Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria: 2000 – 2023 https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/21051 <p>This study examined the effect of rice export on Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) using annual time series data covering the period 2000 to 2023. The study employed trend analysis, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze the relationship among rice export, exchange rate, and GDP. Unit root tests using the Augmented Dickey Fuller procedure revealed that all variables were stationary at level, implying that they are integrated of order zero I(0). The trend analysis indicated that exchange rate and rice export exhibited a positive trend over the study period, while GDP showed fluctuations across the years. The OLS regression results revealed that exchange rate had a positive but statistically insignificant effect on GDP (p &gt; 0.05), while rice export also showed a positive but insignificant relationship with GDP. The ARDL estimation further showed that the lagged value of GDP had a positive and statistically significant effect on current GDP (p &lt; 0.05). Exchange rate demonstrated a positive relationship with GDP and was weakly significant at the 10 percent level (p &lt; 0.10), whereas rice export remained statistically insignificant. The Granger causality test revealed a unidirectional causal relationship running from exchange rate to GDP. The findings concludes that although rice export has growth potential, its current contribution to Nigeria’s GDP remains limited. The study therefore recommends policies aimed at improving rice productivity, export competitiveness and value chain development to enhance the role of agricultural exports in economic growth.</p> Park O. Idisi Benjamin A. Adeagbo Innocent M. Maduekwe Glory O. Isike Abdullahi A. Olaniyan David O. Achemu Mariam Isah Maryjane I. Ifeaghalu Akinniyi O. Salako Mohammed F. Adeyemi Copyright (c) 2026 Park O. Idisi, Benjamin A. Adeagbo, Innocent M. Maduekwe, Glory O. Isike, Abdullahi A. Olaniyan, David O. Achemu, Mariam Isah, Maryjane I. Ifeaghalu, Akinniyi O. Salako, Mohammed F. Adeyemi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-05-21 2026-05-21 53 812 812