European Scientific Journal, ESJ

Vécu et stratégies d’adaptation des travailleurs humanitaires au Burkina Faso, au Niger et à Madagascar et arrêt des financements humanitaires en janvier 2025

W. Adama Luc Sawadogo, Alassane Abdou Djibo — Thu, 16 Apr 2026 12:08:53 +0000

Le contexte humanitaire devient de plus en plus complexe, les interventions humanitaires doivent combiner l’urgence, le développement et la résilience, avec un accent croissant à la localisation et à la participation communautaire. Au-delà de la complexité croissante des crises, le secteur humanitaire ne garantit que rarement des trajectoires professionnelles durables. C’est dans ce sens que nous démontrons à travers cette étude que la suspension brusque des fonds américains a été un événement traumatique pour les humanitaires dans les trois pays (Burkina-Faso, Niger et Madagascar). La réalisation de cette étude s’est faite à travers des études de cas auprès de vingt-sept (27) participants dans chacun des trois pays. Les résultats montrent un vécu avec des troubles du sommeil, des inquiétudes, de la peur chez les personnels victimes de licenciement inattendu et brutal de licenciement brusque et des stratégies d’adaptations fonctionnelles et dysfonctionnelles.

The humanitarian context is becoming increasingly complex, and humanitarian interventions must combine emergency response, development, and resilience, with a growing emphasis on localization and community participation. Beyond the increasing complexity of crises, the humanitarian sector rarely guarantees sustainable career paths. It is in this context that we demonstrate through this study that the abrupt suspension of US funding was a traumatic event for humanitarian workers in the three countries (Burkina Faso, Niger, and Madagascar). This study was conducted through case studies with twenty-seven (27) participants in each of the three countries. The results show that staff experienced sleep disturbances, anxiety, and fear following the unexpected and abrupt termination of their aid, as well as functional and dysfunctional coping strategies.

Payment Methods in International Trade from Georgian Law Perspective

Levan Gotua — Thu, 16 Apr 2026 12:06:26 +0000

This article examines the legal structure and function of payment methods in international trade, focusing on their role as mechanisms of risk allocation and aiming to provide an overview of this topic from Georgian law perspective. It argues that instruments such as letters of credit, documentary collections and open account transactions operate not only as mere commercial tools but also as legal architectures. While Georgian law formally, and in author’s view, to some extent insufficiently, incorporates international trade finance standards through the Civil Code and recognition of international commercial practices, this area still remains underdeveloped in doctrinal articulation and judicial interpretation. Along with using of other scientific methods, this article, above all, by means of comparative analysis with the European Union law, doctrines and practices of EU countries and the framework of the EU–Georgia Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), aims to demonstrate that Georgia’s trade finance system exhibits certain structural dependence on external norms. Accordingly, it concludes with proposing some doctrinal and institutional reforms with the goal of strengthening legal certainty and enhancing judicial engagement with trade finance principles.

The Role of Resilience in Managing the Psychological Effects of Infertility Stigma: A Mixed-Methods Study

Jocelyne A. H. Ahoga, Veronica Kaari Makena, Anne Gathoni Wambugu — Wed, 15 Apr 2026 13:11:01 +0000

Resilience and coping strategies represent major resources for women experiencing infertility, related stigma, and psychological consequences. This study was to examine how resilience operates in managing psychological distress among women experiencing infertility stigma in evangelical church communities in Zou County, Benin Republic. A convergent mixed-methods design was employed with 384 women, using standardized measures (CD-RISC-10, ISS-SF, DASS-21) alongside focus groups and interviews with 45 church leaders. The quantitative data were analysed using SPSS version 25.0. In a matched mixed-method approach, the qualitative data were converted into quantitative value to enhance analysis. More than a quarter of participants presented with low resilience, the average score on CD-RISC-10 being 24.88 out of 40. ISS-SF significantly predicted DASS-21, infertility stigma accounting for 45% of variance in combined depression, anxiety, and stress. Self-devaluation and social withdrawal revealed primary dimensions. Resilience in moderation analysis yielded significant independent effects on psychological outcomes. It functions as an independent protective factor, providing general psychological resources that improve outcomes regardless of stigma levels, rather than buffering the impact of stigma. Quantitative linear models failed to capture specific context-dependent resilience processes revealed qualitatively. The Stigma-Conscious Framework on Resilience and Posttraumatic Change helped to reframe resilience with inputs and resources specific to the sample. It highlights the importance of integrating context-specific features in the underlying mechanisms to move resilience beyond the concept of general protective factor. Recommendations for practice include interventions targeting self-devaluation and social withdrawal and strengthening culturally embedded resilience resources.