European Scientific Journal, ESJ

Entre terre natale et exil forcé : cartographie des causes structurelles du déplacement interne en Afrique centrale (2015-2025)

Edouard Epiphane Yogo — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 03:18:11 +0000

L’Afrique centrale est confrontée à une recrudescence des déplacements internes, souvent perçus comme des réactions immédiates à la violence armée. Toutefois, une lecture approfondie révèle des causes plus profondes, structurelles et durables. Cette étude vise à cartographier ces causes à travers une double lecture : géopolitique et constructiviste phénoménologique. L’objectif est de dépasser la lecture événementielle pour interroger les logiques structurelles et les constructions sociales qui sous-tendent l’exil forcé dans cette région.

La démarche méthodologique repose sur une analyse géopolitique des rapports de force et des dynamiques territoriales à l’échelle des États et des localités touchées, selon la méthode de François Thual. À cela s’ajoute une lecture constructiviste phénoménologique inspirée des travaux de Peter Berger et Thomas Luckmann, afin de comprendre comment les déplacements sont vécus, interprétés et institutionnalisés par les acteurs sociaux. L’étude mobilise une triangulation de données issues de rapports institutionnels (OIM, HCR), de travaux scientifiques, de récits de déplacés internes et d’entretiens avec des acteurs humanitaires dans quatre pays : Cameroun, Tchad, République centrafricaine et République démocratique du Congo.

Les résultats révèlent que les déplacements internes sont le produit d’un faisceau de causes structurelles : conflits autour de la terre et des ressources naturelles, marginalisation politique, militarisation de l’espace rural, catastrophes climatiques, ainsi que l’imposition de normes sociales excluantes. Par ailleurs, les récits recueillis montrent que l’expérience du déplacement est souvent socialement construite comme un processus de "désappartenance", où la terre natale cesse d’être perçue comme un lieu sûr, et l’exil devient une norme intériorisée.

L’étude souligne la nécessité d’une approche intégrée des déplacements internes, combinant compréhension des rapports de force (géopolitique) et analyse des représentations sociales (constructivisme). Elle appelle à des politiques de prévention fondées sur la revalorisation des appartenances locales, la gouvernance inclusive, et la justice territoriale. La cartographie proposée permet de visualiser les zones à haute vulnérabilité et de repenser l’action publique en amont des crises.

Central Africa is facing a surge in internal displacement, often perceived as an immediate reaction to armed violence. However, a deeper analysis reveals more profound, structural, and long-standing causes. This study aims to map these causes through a dual lens: geopolitical and phenomenological constructivist. The goal is to move beyond an event-based interpretation to examine the structural logics and social constructions that underpin forced exile in the region.

The methodological approach relies on a geopolitical analysis of power relations and territorial dynamics at the level of affected states and localities, using François Thual's method. This is complemented by a phenomenological constructivist perspective inspired by the works of Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann to understand how displacement is experienced, interpreted, and institutionalized by social actors. The study uses triangulated data drawn from institutional reports (IOM, UNHCR), academic works, testimonies of internally displaced persons, and interviews with humanitarian actors across four countries: Cameroon, Chad, the Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The findings reveal that internal displacement is the result of a cluster of structural causes: conflicts over land and natural resources, political marginalization, militarization of rural areas, climate-related disasters, and the imposition of exclusionary social norms. Furthermore, the collected narratives show that the experience of displacement is often socially constructed as a process of “unbelonging,” where the homeland ceases to be perceived as safe, and exile becomes an internalized norm.

The study highlights the need for an integrated approach to internal displacement, combining an understanding of power relations (geopolitics) with an analysis of social representations (constructivism). It calls for prevention policies based on the revaluation of local belonging, inclusive governance, and territorial justice. The proposed mapping makes it possible to visualize high-vulnerability zones and rethink public action upstream of crises.

Religious Coexistence and Legal Pluralism in Albania: Socio-Political and Legal Perspectives

Dorian Rrapi — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 03:16:31 +0000

This article provides a comprehensive examination of Albania’s religious coexistence from both socio-political and legal perspectives, highlighting how historical experiences, legal frameworks, and community practices collectively shape interfaith relations. Drawing on case studies from urban centers such as Tirana and Shkodra, as well as rural communities where traditional interfaith networks have persisted, the article explored how legal pluralism, allowing religious communities to manage personal matters like marriage, inheritance, and education, interact with grassroots social engagement to sustain harmony among Albania’s diverse religious groups. The article also analyzed institutional policies, including the role of the State Committee on Cults, municipal interfaith programs, and the Interreligious Council of Albania (IRCA), demonstrating how coordinated initiatives between government bodies and civil society promote dialogue, joint cultural events, and collaborative social projects. By tracing the historical trajectory from the Ottoman millet system through the challenges of the communist period to contemporary reforms, the article illustrates the resilience of interfaith tolerance in Albania. This experience provides a distinctive model of religious coexistence, offering valuable lessons for other pluralistic societies in the Balkans and beyond, emphasizing the importance of combining legal recognition, social cooperation, and community-led initiatives to foster enduring interfaith harmony.

Georgia's Path to Europe: A Corpus-Assisted Discourse Study of Presidential and Prime-Ministerial Speeches

Nino Guliashvili — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 03:15:03 +0000

Social and political phenomena come into existence through a discursive dimension. The linguistic construction of reality is pervasive and plays a predetermining role in shaping social and political environment. The present study applies the framework of Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS) to explore how Georgia’s two political figures – former President Salome Zourabichvili and former Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili – discursively represent Georgia’s path toward European Union accession. The research examines 97 speeches (69 presidential/28 prime-ministerial) delivered between March 2022 and December 2023, totaling 64,321 and 29,559 tokens, respectively. Quantitative analyses were conducted using #LancsBox ® to identify keyword frequencies, collocates, and statistically significant differences, while Wmatrix5 ® was employed for semantic-domain and stance-related analysis. The findings reveal that both politicians tend to frame Georgia’s European trajectory through recurring metaphors of journey and family, yet their linguistic emphases diverge: Salome Zourabichvili’s discourse stresses European values, moral obligation, and collective unity, whereas the Prime Minister foregrounds national sovereignty, economic progress, and pragmatic governance. Despite differing communicative styles, both leaders converge in portraying EU integration as Georgia’s shared national destiny.