The International Aspects of the Smuggling of Migrants Across State Borders and the Fight Against it
Keywords:
Migration, State border, History, Smuggling, Migrant, Definition, Trafficking, Terrorism, Law, Punishment
Abstract
This paper focuses on highlighting the international aspects of the smuggling of migrants across state borders and the fight against it. The relevance of the issue is due to chaotic migration in the process of globalization, the intensification of the illegal movement of migrants across the state border by transnational organized criminal groups, the danger of a merger of migrants and human trafficking, as well as criminal coincidence of migration and terrorism. Historical, statistical, normative-logical comparisons, and a number of other methodologies were utilized in the study. The legal attitude of individual states towards the smuggling of migrants across the state border and the compliance of this attitude with the United Nations conventions and their complementary protocols are also presented in this study.
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References
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2. Adopted by the Security Council at its 72nd meeting on September 24, 2014 Resolution 2178 (2014) https://www.un.org/sc/ctc/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/SCR-2178_2014_EN.pdf
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42. Statistic of the Minister of Internal Affairs of Georgia, Migration https://info.police.ge/page?id=258
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44. Umberto Eco (2001). From “Migration, Tolerance and the Intolerable”, NewYork, Harcourt
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46. UN-2000 - Protocol of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime - Prevention of Illegal Transfer of Migrants to the Border by Land, Sea, and Air 12-12-2000 Legislative Herald
47. U.S. Code Title 8. Aliens and nationality § 1323 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1323
48. WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 გვ 4, 318.
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50. https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2022-interactive/
2. Adopted by the Security Council at its 72nd meeting on September 24, 2014 Resolution 2178 (2014) https://www.un.org/sc/ctc/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/SCR-2178_2014_EN.pdf
3. BBC NEWS August 30, 2017 “Who was behind the jihadist attacks on Europe and North America? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-40000952
4. Adopted by the Security Council at its 72nd meeting on September 24, 2014
5. Convention relating to the Status of Refugees Article .https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.23_convention%20refugees.pdf
6. Criminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan http://continent-online.com/Document/?doc_id=30420353#pos=6;-144
7. Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia Article 329.1 https://www.arlis.am/documentView.aspx?docid=63312
8. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation from 13.06.1996 rev. from 07.04.2020 Article 322.1
9. http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=349294&fld=134&dst=102481,0&rnd=0.5910728226073263#08209149127443198
10. Criminal Codes of the United States. Title 18 of the United States Code (asof 2017) 555. (https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/8301/file/USA_title_18_us_code_crimes_2017_en.pdf
11. Criminal Code of the Republic of Hungary /2012/ Section 353 https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/5619/file/HUngary_Criminal_Code_of_2012_en.pdf
12. Criminal Code of the Republic Poland Article 264 https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/7354/file/Poland_CC_1997_en.pdf
13. Criminal Code of the Republic Latvia/amended 2018 / Section284-285 https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/8266/file/Latvia_CC_1998_am2018_en.pdf
14. Criminal Code of the Republic of Estonia /2001 amended 2019 81. 1-81. 2 291-292.) https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/8244/file/Estonia_CC_am2019_en.pdf
15. Criminal Code of the Republic of Finland /1889 amended 2015 / https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/6375/file/Finland_CC_1889_am2015_en.pdf
16. Criminal Code of Ukraine (with changes and additions as of April 13, 2020) https://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=30418109#pos=19;-50
17. Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cgvienna/eng/dbtyw/jdwt/crimelaw/t209043.htm) See Footnote 14 pg. 80
18. Douglas S. Massey (1993). “Theories of International Migration: A reviewandAppraisal”, PopulationandDevelopmentReviewvol. 19, No. 3, sep; 1993. (pp. 431-466)
19. Douglas S. Massey (1999). “Why Does Immigration Occur? A Theoretical Synthesis” in: Ch. Hirschman, P. Kazintz, J. DeWind (Eds), The Handbook of International Migration: The American experience, (Russell Sage Foundation, New York 1999), p 44
20. Frontex releases Risk Analysis 2020 https://frontex.europa.eu/publications/frontex-releases-risk-analysis-for-2020-vp0TZ7
21. Footnote 17 Article3232
22. Gar–United States barrier https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico–United_States_barrier is seen 2-05-2020
23. Glossary on Migration p.61 https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf
24. Herein Article 13
25. Herein Article 3441, Parts 2 and 3
26. International Organization for Migration World Migration Report 2020 pg. 10 https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2020.pdf
27. It is noteworthy 23-12-1994 49/159 12-12-1997 N52/85, 20-01-1999 N 53/11 1-01-2010 N 54/212 Resolutions and others
28. Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the state border of the Republic of Azerbaijan http://base.spinform.ru/show_doc.fwx?rgn=2877
29. Markov, A.V. (2018). The origin and evolution of man http://evolbiol.ru/human.htm
30. Messina, A. M. & Lahav, G. (2006). The Migration Reader: ExploringPoliticsandPolicies. LynneRienner Publishers.12
31. Michael John Garcia (2017). BarriersAlongthe U.S. Borders: Key Authorities and Requirements https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R43975.pdf
32. On the legal status of aliens and stateless persons https://matsne.gov.ge/document/view/2278806?publication=10
33. Parliament of Georgia - Criminal Code of Georgia Article 3441 Legislative Herald https://www.matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/16426?publication=233
34. PENAL CODE OF TURKEY Article 79
35. https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/6453/file/Turkey_CC_2004_am2016_en.pdf
36. Schengen Borders Code https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32016R0399
37. See Footnote 14 pg. 4
38. See Footnote14 pg. 32
39. See Footnote 14 pg. 97
40. See Footnote 19 Article 102
41. Simmons, A. & Piche, V. (2002). TeachingMigrationandGlobalisation // “Genus”, vol. LVIII (n. 3-4), pp. 109-134.
42. Statistic of the Minister of Internal Affairs of Georgia, Migration https://info.police.ge/page?id=258
43. Turkey: Law No. 6458 of 2013 ON FOREIGNERS AND INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION https://www.refworld.org/docid/5a1d828f4.html
44. Umberto Eco (2001). From “Migration, Tolerance and the Intolerable”, NewYork, Harcourt
45. UNITED NATIONS 2000 PROTOCOL AGAINST THE SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS BY LAND, SEA, AND AIR, SUPPLEMENTING THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
46. UN-2000 - Protocol of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime - Prevention of Illegal Transfer of Migrants to the Border by Land, Sea, and Air 12-12-2000 Legislative Herald
47. U.S. Code Title 8. Aliens and nationality § 1323 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1323
48. WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 გვ 4, 318.
49. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2020.pdf
50. https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2022-interactive/
Published
2022-06-30
How to Cite
Egutidze, M. (2022). The International Aspects of the Smuggling of Migrants Across State Borders and the Fight Against it. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 18(20), 82. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n20p82
Section
ESJ Humanities
Copyright (c) 2022 Mamuka Egutidze
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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