Reproductive Performance of Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) when fed frozen or fresh bovine blood meals
Keywords:
Glossina palpalis gambiensis, frozen blood, fertility, survival
Abstract
The tsetse and trypanosomoses control by sterile insect technique (SIT), requires mass production of quality tsetse pupae and consequently high-quality blood meal for the fly feeding. The reproductive performances of Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera : Glossinidae), fed frozen or fresh blood meals has been studied. Three diets of slaughtered bovine blood stored at -18 °C for six months (R6), three months (R3) and one month (R1) were used in the present investigation. Fresh blood samples stored at 4°C and renewed every four days were used as control (R0). The defibrinated blood was packaged in batches of 30 x 20 ml vials. For each blood meal, 30-day feeding tests were conducted at the beginning and end of freezing. All blood meal was irradiated using 137 caesium irradiation before being used. The parameters monitored daily were: the number of dead flies (fed and unfed), the number and weight of pupae and the emergence rate. No difference in survival rates was observed for the three regimes (df: 15; Chi-square: 7.53; p > 0.05), on average 32.1% (R0), 32.4% (R6), 37.5% (R3) and 38.2% (R1). However, flies fed with the six-month-old frozen blood were less efficient in pupa production (df: 3; F: 6. p < 0.001) and pupae weight (df: 3, F: 3.24, p < 0.05) compared to the control. The mortality rate was affected by the duration of freezing: 26.7% for R6 and 8% for the other diets (p <0.05). The implications of our results in terms of blood meal management for efficient production of insectary pupae were discussed.
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References
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21. Mutika, G.N., Kabore, I., Seck, M.T., Sall, B., Bouyer, J., Parker, A.G., Vreysen, M.J.B. (2013). Mating performance of Glossina palpalis gambiensis strains from Burkina Faso, Mali, and Senegal. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 146, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2012.01305.x.
22. Pagabeleguem, S., Toé, A.I., Pooda, S.H., Dera, K.M., Belem, A.S., Belem, A.M.G., Ouedraogo/Sanou, G.M.S., Ira, M., Kaboré, B.A., Percoma, L., Sidibé, I. (2021). Optimizing the feeding frequency to maximize the production of sterile males in tsetse mass-rearing colonies. PLOS ONE 16, e0245503. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245503.
23. Parker, A.G. (2005). Mass-Rearing for Sterile Insect Release, in: Dyck, V.A., Hendrichs, J., Robinson, A.S. (Eds.), Sterile Insect Technique. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 209–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4051-2_8.
24. Percoma, L. (2006). Memoire Online - Production de masse de glossines de qualité. Contribution à la campagne panafricaine d’éradication de la mouche tsé-tsé et des trypanosomoses (pattec). - Lassan PERCOMA [WWW Document]. Memoire Online. URL https://www.memoireonline.com/03/20/11636/m_Production-de-masse-de-glossines-de-qualite-Contribution--la-campagne-panafricaine-d-eradicatio4.html (accessed 8.22.21).
25. Pooda, S.H., Mouline, K., De Meeûs, T., Bengaly, Z., Solano, P. (2013). Decrease in survival and fecundity of Glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 (Diptera: Glossinidae) fed on cattle treated with single doses of ivermectin. Parasit. Vectors 6, 165. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-165.
26. Tarone, R., and Ware J. (1977). On distribution free tests for equality of survival distributions. Biometrika, 64, 156-160.
27. Tarone, R. (1975). Tests for trend in life table analysis. Biometrika, 62, 679-682.
28. Vreysen, M.J. (2001). Principles of area-wide integrated tsetse fly control using the sterile insect technique. Med. Trop. Rev. Corps Sante Colon. 61, 397–411.
29. Wetzel, H., Luger, D. (1978). The use of deep frozen, stored bovine blood for in vitro feeding of tsetse flies. Z. Fr Parasitenkd. Parasitol. Res. 57, 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00927157.
2. Bouyer, F., Seck, M.T., Dicko, A.H., Sall, B., Lo, M., Vreysen, M.J.B., Chia, E., Bouyer, J., Wane, A. (2014). Ex-ante Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Elimination of a Glossina palpalis gambiensis Population in the Niayes of Senegal. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8, e3112. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003112.
3. Bouyer, J., Seck, M.T., Sall, B., Ndiaye, E.Y., Guerrini, L., Vreysen, M.J.B. (2010). Stratified Entomological Sampling in Preparation for an Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management Program: The Example of Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the Niayes of Senegal. J. Med. Entomol. 47, 543–552. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/47.4.543.
4. Byamungu, M., Matembo, S., Benedic, K., Mashenga, G. (2011). Storage time effect on blood diet for tsetse mass production in sterile insect technique. J. Vector Borne Dis. 48, 93–95.
5. Camara, K., Ilboudo, K., Salou, E., Gimonneau, G. (2021). Evaluation of different blood feeding frequencies on Glossina palpalis gambiensis performance in a mass rearing insectary. https://doi.org/10.18167/DVN1/1SPLYD.
6. Cox, D. R. (1972) Regression models and life tables (with discussion). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 34, 187-220.
7. De Beer, C.J., Venter, G.J., Potgieter, F.T. (2012). Developing Quality Control Procedures to Sustain a Supply of High Quality Blood for Mass Rearing Tsetse Flies.
8. De Greef, C., Imberechts, H., Matthyssens, G., Van Meirvenne, N., Hamers, R. (1989). A gene expressed only in serum-resistant variants of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 36, 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-6851(89)90189-8.
9. Diall, O., Cecchi, G., Wanda, G., Argilés-Herrero, R., Vreysen, M.J.B., Cattoli, G., Viljoen, G.J., Mattioli, R., Bouyer, J. (2017). Developing a Progressive Control Pathway for African Animal Trypanosomosis. Trends Parasitol. 33, 499–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2017.02.005.
10. Dyck, V.A., Hendrichs, J., Robinson, A.S. (Eds.) (2005). Sterile Insect Technique. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4051-2.
11. Feldmann, U., Hendrichs, J., Nations, F. and A.O. of the U. (2001). Integrating the Sterile Insect Technique as a Key Component of Area-wide Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Intervention. Food & Agriculture Org.
12. Fèvre, E., Coleman, P., Odiit, M., Magona, J., Welburn, S., Woolhouse, M. (2001). The origins of a new Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness outbreak in eastern Uganda. The Lancet 358, 625–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05778-6.
13. Fèvre, E.M., Wissmann, B. v., Welburn, S.C., Lutumba, P. (2008). The Burden of Human African Trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2, e333. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000333.
14. Gooding, R.H., Feldmann, U., Robinson, A.S. (1997). Care and maintenance of tsetse colonies, in: Crampton, J.M., Beard, C.B., Louis, C. (Eds.), The Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1535-0_5.
15. Jackson, A.P., Sanders, M., Berry, A., McQuillan, J., Aslett, M.A., Quail, M.A., Chukualim, B., Capewell, P., MacLeod, A., Melville, S.E., Gibson, W., Barry, J.D., Berriman, M., Hertz-Fowler, C. (2010). The Genome Sequence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Causative Agent of Chronic Human African Trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 4, e658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000658.
16. Kaaya, G.P., Darji, N., Otieno, L.H. (1987). Effects of bacteria, antibacterial compounds and trypanosomes on tsetse reproduction and longevity. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 8, 217–220. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400007232.
17. Kristjanson, P.M., Swallow, B.M., Rowlands, G.J., Kruska, R.L., de Leeuw, P.N. (1999). Measuring the costs of African animal trypanosomosis, the potential benefits of control and returns to research. Agric. Syst. 59, 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-521X(98)00086-9.
18. Langley, P.A. (1971). Rearing of tsetse flies in the absence of a living host. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65, 220–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(71) 90224-0.
19. Muhanguzi, D., Mugenyi, A., Bigirwa, G., Kamusiime, M., Kitibwa, A., Akurut, G.G., Ochwo, S., Amanyire, W., Okech, S.G., Hattendorf, J., Tweyongyere, R. (2017). African animal trypanosomiasis as a constraint to livestock health and production in Karamoja region: a detailed qualitative and quantitative assessment. BMC Vet. Res. 13, 355. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1285-z.
20. Muhanguzi, D., Okello, W.O., Kabasa, J.D., Waiswa, C., Welburn, S.C., Shaw, A.P. (2015). Cost analysis of options for management of African Animal Trypanosomiasis using interventions targeted at cattle in Tororo District; south-eastern Uganda. Parasit. Vectors 8, 1–9.
21. Mutika, G.N., Kabore, I., Seck, M.T., Sall, B., Bouyer, J., Parker, A.G., Vreysen, M.J.B. (2013). Mating performance of Glossina palpalis gambiensis strains from Burkina Faso, Mali, and Senegal. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 146, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2012.01305.x.
22. Pagabeleguem, S., Toé, A.I., Pooda, S.H., Dera, K.M., Belem, A.S., Belem, A.M.G., Ouedraogo/Sanou, G.M.S., Ira, M., Kaboré, B.A., Percoma, L., Sidibé, I. (2021). Optimizing the feeding frequency to maximize the production of sterile males in tsetse mass-rearing colonies. PLOS ONE 16, e0245503. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245503.
23. Parker, A.G. (2005). Mass-Rearing for Sterile Insect Release, in: Dyck, V.A., Hendrichs, J., Robinson, A.S. (Eds.), Sterile Insect Technique. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 209–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4051-2_8.
24. Percoma, L. (2006). Memoire Online - Production de masse de glossines de qualité. Contribution à la campagne panafricaine d’éradication de la mouche tsé-tsé et des trypanosomoses (pattec). - Lassan PERCOMA [WWW Document]. Memoire Online. URL https://www.memoireonline.com/03/20/11636/m_Production-de-masse-de-glossines-de-qualite-Contribution--la-campagne-panafricaine-d-eradicatio4.html (accessed 8.22.21).
25. Pooda, S.H., Mouline, K., De Meeûs, T., Bengaly, Z., Solano, P. (2013). Decrease in survival and fecundity of Glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 (Diptera: Glossinidae) fed on cattle treated with single doses of ivermectin. Parasit. Vectors 6, 165. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-165.
26. Tarone, R., and Ware J. (1977). On distribution free tests for equality of survival distributions. Biometrika, 64, 156-160.
27. Tarone, R. (1975). Tests for trend in life table analysis. Biometrika, 62, 679-682.
28. Vreysen, M.J. (2001). Principles of area-wide integrated tsetse fly control using the sterile insect technique. Med. Trop. Rev. Corps Sante Colon. 61, 397–411.
29. Wetzel, H., Luger, D. (1978). The use of deep frozen, stored bovine blood for in vitro feeding of tsetse flies. Z. Fr Parasitenkd. Parasitol. Res. 57, 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00927157.
Published
2022-06-30
How to Cite
Boma, S., Salou, E. W., Agboho, P., Bila, C., Kabore, S., Sabo, A. R., Bengaly, Z., & Kossigan Dayo, C. G. (2022). Reproductive Performance of Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) when fed frozen or fresh bovine blood meals. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 18(21), 138. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n21p138
Section
ESJ Natural/Life/Medical Sciences
Copyright (c) 2022 Soudah Boma, Ernest Wendemanegde Salou, Prudenciène Agboho, Cene Bila, Simon Kabore, Abdoul Rahim Sabo, Zakaria Bengaly, Charles Guiguigbaza Kossigan Dayo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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