Psychosocial Factors as Predictors of Academic Behavioural Confidence among Pre-Medical Students of University of Ibadan
Keywords:
Academic behavioural confidence, Pre-medical students, Emotional intelligence, Parental support, Achievement motivation
Abstract
Academic behavioural confidence is an important non-cognitive factor which has a significant tendency to influence students' academic achievement and future aspirations. When an individual has little or no self-confidence in his academic pursuit, it could lead to frustration, low self-esteem, depression, and emotional distress which could eventually result to academic failure. If academic behavioural confidence is as important as stated above, then there is a need to investigate the predicting factors of the concept. This study, therefore, focuses on the role of parental support, achievement motivation, emotional intelligence, religiosity, and psychological adjustment on academic behavioural confidence among pre-medical students of University of Ibadan. The descriptive research design was adopted for this study, using the ex-post facto type. Two hundred (200) pre-medical students of University of Ibadan were randomly selected. Data collected were analysed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and multiple regression at 0.05 level of significance. The result revealed that there is a significant relationship between the independent and dependent variables among pre-medical students of University of Ibadan. In terms of magnitude, achievement motivation was the strongest predictor (β = .332, t = 5.287, p < 0.01), followed by religiosity (β = .308, t = 5.272, p < 0.01), psychological adjustment (β = .185, t = 3.279, p < 0.05), and emotional intelligence (β = .184, t = 2.937, p < 0.05). Based on the findings, it is therefore recommended that since achievement motivation has been found to be the strongest predictor of academic behavioural motivation among the participants, parents (most especially) and others who share close ties with the students should motivate the students to achieve their desired goals and aspirations. Teachers and lecturers could also intrinsically motivate the students through their positive and constant words of encouragement all through the tedious academic and medical training. Such re-assuring words like “It is not hard”, “I did it, you can also do it” would alleviate the fear of failure.
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References
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30. McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E. L., & Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 321–33
31. Murdock, T. B. & Miller, A. (2003). Teachers as sources of middle school students’ motivational identity: variable-centered and person-centered analytic approaches. The Elementary School Journal, 103(4), 383–399.
32. Odedokun, S.A. (2020). Determinants of academic resilience among medical students of Obafemi Awolowo University Ile Ife Osun State. Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology 22, 247-274.
33. Ome, B. N., Okorie, N. A., & Azubuike, E. E. (2014). Assertiveness, self-esteem and locus of control as predictors of aggression in a Nigerian sample. International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences, 7(2), 217-229.
34. Onete, O.U., Edet, P.B., Udey, F.U., & Ogbor, B.P. (2012). Academic Performance: A Function of Achievement Motivation Among Education Students of Cross River University of Technology, Calabar. Review of Higher Education in Africa, 4, 63-83.
35. Onukwufor, J. N. (2013). Physical and verbal aggression among adolescent secondary school students in Rivers State of Nigeria. International Journal of Education, Learning and Development, 1 :(2), 73-84.
36. Rachel, R., Jonathan, S. G., & Kristina, D. (2015.). Is Parental Support or Parental Involvement More Important for Adolescents? Undergraduate Journal of Psychology. 28, 1 -8.
37. Richardson, S. A. (2009). Principal’s perceptions of parental involvement in the “Big 8” urban districts of Ohio. Research in the Schools, 16 (1), 1-12.
38. Robbins, R. J. (1994). An assessment of perceptions of parental autonomy support and control: Child and parent correlates. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, New York.
39. Roeser, R. & Eccles, J. (1998). Adolescents' Perceptions of Middle School: Relation to Longitudinal Changes in Academic and Psychological Adjustment. Journal of Research on Adolescence. 88. 123-158.
40. Sander, P. & Sanders, L. (2003). Measuring confidence in academic study: A summary report. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology and Psychopedagogy 1, 1-17.
41. Sander, P. & Sander, L. (2005). Giving presentation: the impact on students’ perception. Psychological Learning and Technology, 11 (1), 25-41.
42. Sander, P. & Sanders, L. (2004). Understanding academic confidence, The British Psychological Society, 1 (12), 29-4.
43. Sander, P. & Sanders, L. (2006). Understanding academic confidence. Psychology Teaching Review 12, No. 1: 29–39
44. Sanders, M.G. & Sheldon, S. B. (2009). Principals matter: A guide to school, family, and community partnerships. Corwin: A SAGE Company. Sheldon, S. B. 2009. In School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your handbook for action (3rd Ed.). USA: Corwin Press.
45. Scheel, M., Madabhushi, S., & Backhaus, A. (2009). The academic motivation of at-risk students in a counseling prevention program. Counselling Psychologist, 37(8), 1147-1178.
46. Schneider, L. (2007) ‘Perceived stress among engineering students’, St. Lawrence Section Conference, Toronto, Canada [online] https://www.asee.org/documents/sections/st-lawrence/ 2007/Schneider-2007-Student-perceived-stress.pdf (accessed 14 August 2016).
47. Sheldon, S. B. (2009). In School, family, and community partnerships: Your handbook for action. (3rd ed.). USA: Corwin Press.
48. Shoemaker, D. J. (2010). Theories of delinquency: An examination of explanations delinquent behaviour. Oxford University Press.
49. Simons, K.J., Paternite, C.E., & Shore, C. (2001). Quality of parent–adolescent attachment and aggression in young adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence. 21:182–203
50. Singh, K., Granville, M., & Dika, S. (2002). Mathematics and Science Achievement: Effects of Motivation, Interest, and Academic Engagement. Journal of Educational Research. 95, 323-332.
51. Smith, T. B., McCullough, M. E., & Poll. J. (2003). Religiousness and Depression: Evidence for a Main Effect and the Moderating Influence of Stressful Life Events. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 614-176.
52. Steinmayr, R., Weidinger, A.F., Schwinger, M., & Spinath, B. (2009). The importance of motivation as a predictor of school achievement. Learning and Individual Differences. 19. 80-90.
53. Stevens, T.G. (2005). Self-confidence. Retrieved from http://www.csulb.ed
54. Supe, A.N. (1998). A study of stress in medical student at Seth GS Medical College. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 44. 1-6.
55. Terpstra, V. & David, K. (1991). The Cultural Environment of International Business. South-Western Publishing Company, US
56. Unruh, G.G. & Alexander, W.M. (1970). Innovations in Secondary Education. New York: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston, Inc.,
57. Vallerand, R., Pelletier, L., Blais, M., Briére, N., Sénecal, C. & Valliéres, E. (1992). The Academic Motivation Scale: a Measure of Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Amotivation in Education. Educational Psychological Measurement. 52:1003-1014.
58. Vela, R. (2003). The role of emotional intelligence in the academic achievement of first year college students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University-Kingsville.
59. Walker, K. & Dixon, V. (2002). Spiritual and academic performance among African college students. Journal of Black Psychology, 28 (2), 107-121.
60. Weihua, F. & Williams, C.T. (2010). The Effects of Parental Involvement on Students' Academic Self-Efficacy, Engagement and Intrinsic Motivation. Educational Psychology, 30: 53-74
61. Williams, T.R., Davis, L.E., Miller, C.J., Saunders, J., & Williams, J.H. (2002). Friends, families and neighborhoods: Understanding academic outcomes of African youth. Urban Education 37 (3), 408-432
62. Wolf, T. M. (1994). Stress, coping and health: Enhancing well-being during medical school. Medical Education. 28, 8-17.
63. World Health Organization (2017). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide
64. Zainuddin Yusoff, B. H. (2000). Hubungan KecerdasanEmosidengankepimpinan: Tinjauan Di KalanganPemimpin-PemimpinPelajarUnversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Skudai. Projeck Sarjana Muda. UTM.TidakDiterbitkan.
65. Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 13-39). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
66. Zimmerman, B. J. (2008). Investigating self-regulation and motivation: Historical background, methodological developments, and future prospects. American Educational Research Journal, 45, 166-183.
2. Amaliyah, S., Anwar, K., & LubabinNuqul, F. (2017). The Effect of Religious Identity toward Academic Performance: An Experimental Study. Presented at 6th Annual International Conference on Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology, 6-8 March 2017, Singapore.
3. Aydin, N., Fischer, P., & Frey, D. (2010). Turing to god in the face of ostracism: effects of social exclusion on religiousness. Personal Socio Psychological Bulletin. 36, 742–753.
4. Azzam, A. (2007). Why Students Drop Out. Educational Leadership. 64. 7. 91-93.
5. Baharudin, R. & Zulkefly, N.S. (2009). Relationships with father and mother, self-esteem and academic achievement amongst college students. American Journal of Scientific Research 6, 89-94.
6. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
7. Bofah, E.A. & Ntow, F. D. (2017). Perceived social support from parents and teachers’ influence on students' mathematics-related self-beliefs. African Journal of Educational Studies in Mathematics and Sciences, 13, 41-62.
8. Bushra, I. & Rehana, M. K. (2010). Impact of Physical Satisfaction and Academic Performance and Self-Efficacy of the Students. Journal of Research and Reflection in Education 4(1), 14 – 26.
9. Clarke, P. & Byrne, P. (1993). Religion Defined and Explained. Macmillan, London.
10. Dadarigashti, K., Amoopour, M., & Akbari, B. (2016). The relationship between psychological adjustment and social protection with academic self-concept and academic achievement among high school female students in Rasht. International Journal of Medical. Research in Health Sciences. 5: 473–479.
11. Dresel. M. & Grassinger, R. (2013). Changes in Achievement Motivation among University Freshmen Journal of Education and Training Studies, 1, No. 2; 159-173.
12. Eccles, J.S. & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 109–132.
13. Eilam, B. (2001). Primary Strategies for Promoting Homework Performance. American Educational Research Journal, 38 (3), 691-725.
14. EQI (2005). Definition of Emotional Intelligence (EI, EQ). Retrieved 9 August 2019 from: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emotion.
15. Ezeokana, J. O., Obi-Nwosu, H., & Okoye, C. A. F. (2014). Influence of street life and gender on aggression and self-esteem in a sample of Nigerian children. International Review of Management and Business Research, 3(2), 949-959.
16. Farshad, R.M., Farrahbakhsh, I., & Salmabadi, M. (2015). Simple and Multiple Correlation Between Religious Belief, Life Expectancy and Self-Efficacy of Student. International Journal of School Health. 2(3)1-5
17. Felson, R. & Zielinski, M. (1989). Children's self-esteem and parental support. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 727-735.
18. Glass, R. & Rose, M. (2008). Tune out, turn off, dropout. American Teacher, 93 (3) 8-21
19. Gonzalez-Pienda, J.A., Nnnez, J.C., Gonzalez-Pumariega, S., Alvarez, L., Roces, C., & Garcia, M. (2002). A Structural Equation Model of Parental Involvement, Motivational, Altitudinal Characteristics and Academic Achievement. The Journal of Experimental Education, 70 (3), 257-287.
20. Hartshorn, W. (1996)."The Teaching of Music," Perspectives in Music Education: (3rd ed.). Bonnie Kowall. Washington, DC.
21. Hodge, D.R. (2007). Releasing students from class for spiritual instruction: Does it hinder academic performance? Children & Schools 29 (3), 161-171.
22. Hoffmann, J. (1998). Confidence in Religious Institutions and Secularization: Trends and Implications. Review of Religious Research, 39(4), 321-343.
23. Izuchi, M.N. & Onyekuru, B.U. (2017). Relationship among Academic Self Concept, Academic Motivation and Academic Achievement among College Students European Journal of Research and Reflection in Educational Sciences 5: 93- 102
24. Janosz, M., Archambault, I., Morizot, J., & Pagani, L.S. (2008). School Engagement Trajectories and Their Differential Predictive Relations to Dropout. Journal of Social Issues, 64: 21-40.
25. Jeynes, W. (2003). The Effects of Religious Commitment on the Academic Achievement of Urban and Other Children. Educational Urban Sociology. 36.44-62
26. Karimi, A. & Saadatmand, Z. (2014). The Relationship between Self Confidence with Achievement based on Academic Motivation. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 4, (1) 210-215
27. Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford University Press.
28. Luszczynska, A. & Schwarzer, R. (2005). Social Cognitive Theory. In M. Conner, & P. Norman (Eds.), Predicting Health Behaviour (2nd Ed., pp. 127-169). Buckingham, UK Open University Press.
29. Maddux, J. E. (1995). Self-efficacy theory: An introduction. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application (pp. 3–33). Plenum Press.
30. McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E. L., & Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 321–33
31. Murdock, T. B. & Miller, A. (2003). Teachers as sources of middle school students’ motivational identity: variable-centered and person-centered analytic approaches. The Elementary School Journal, 103(4), 383–399.
32. Odedokun, S.A. (2020). Determinants of academic resilience among medical students of Obafemi Awolowo University Ile Ife Osun State. Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology 22, 247-274.
33. Ome, B. N., Okorie, N. A., & Azubuike, E. E. (2014). Assertiveness, self-esteem and locus of control as predictors of aggression in a Nigerian sample. International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences, 7(2), 217-229.
34. Onete, O.U., Edet, P.B., Udey, F.U., & Ogbor, B.P. (2012). Academic Performance: A Function of Achievement Motivation Among Education Students of Cross River University of Technology, Calabar. Review of Higher Education in Africa, 4, 63-83.
35. Onukwufor, J. N. (2013). Physical and verbal aggression among adolescent secondary school students in Rivers State of Nigeria. International Journal of Education, Learning and Development, 1 :(2), 73-84.
36. Rachel, R., Jonathan, S. G., & Kristina, D. (2015.). Is Parental Support or Parental Involvement More Important for Adolescents? Undergraduate Journal of Psychology. 28, 1 -8.
37. Richardson, S. A. (2009). Principal’s perceptions of parental involvement in the “Big 8” urban districts of Ohio. Research in the Schools, 16 (1), 1-12.
38. Robbins, R. J. (1994). An assessment of perceptions of parental autonomy support and control: Child and parent correlates. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, New York.
39. Roeser, R. & Eccles, J. (1998). Adolescents' Perceptions of Middle School: Relation to Longitudinal Changes in Academic and Psychological Adjustment. Journal of Research on Adolescence. 88. 123-158.
40. Sander, P. & Sanders, L. (2003). Measuring confidence in academic study: A summary report. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology and Psychopedagogy 1, 1-17.
41. Sander, P. & Sander, L. (2005). Giving presentation: the impact on students’ perception. Psychological Learning and Technology, 11 (1), 25-41.
42. Sander, P. & Sanders, L. (2004). Understanding academic confidence, The British Psychological Society, 1 (12), 29-4.
43. Sander, P. & Sanders, L. (2006). Understanding academic confidence. Psychology Teaching Review 12, No. 1: 29–39
44. Sanders, M.G. & Sheldon, S. B. (2009). Principals matter: A guide to school, family, and community partnerships. Corwin: A SAGE Company. Sheldon, S. B. 2009. In School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your handbook for action (3rd Ed.). USA: Corwin Press.
45. Scheel, M., Madabhushi, S., & Backhaus, A. (2009). The academic motivation of at-risk students in a counseling prevention program. Counselling Psychologist, 37(8), 1147-1178.
46. Schneider, L. (2007) ‘Perceived stress among engineering students’, St. Lawrence Section Conference, Toronto, Canada [online] https://www.asee.org/documents/sections/st-lawrence/ 2007/Schneider-2007-Student-perceived-stress.pdf (accessed 14 August 2016).
47. Sheldon, S. B. (2009). In School, family, and community partnerships: Your handbook for action. (3rd ed.). USA: Corwin Press.
48. Shoemaker, D. J. (2010). Theories of delinquency: An examination of explanations delinquent behaviour. Oxford University Press.
49. Simons, K.J., Paternite, C.E., & Shore, C. (2001). Quality of parent–adolescent attachment and aggression in young adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence. 21:182–203
50. Singh, K., Granville, M., & Dika, S. (2002). Mathematics and Science Achievement: Effects of Motivation, Interest, and Academic Engagement. Journal of Educational Research. 95, 323-332.
51. Smith, T. B., McCullough, M. E., & Poll. J. (2003). Religiousness and Depression: Evidence for a Main Effect and the Moderating Influence of Stressful Life Events. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 614-176.
52. Steinmayr, R., Weidinger, A.F., Schwinger, M., & Spinath, B. (2009). The importance of motivation as a predictor of school achievement. Learning and Individual Differences. 19. 80-90.
53. Stevens, T.G. (2005). Self-confidence. Retrieved from http://www.csulb.ed
54. Supe, A.N. (1998). A study of stress in medical student at Seth GS Medical College. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 44. 1-6.
55. Terpstra, V. & David, K. (1991). The Cultural Environment of International Business. South-Western Publishing Company, US
56. Unruh, G.G. & Alexander, W.M. (1970). Innovations in Secondary Education. New York: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston, Inc.,
57. Vallerand, R., Pelletier, L., Blais, M., Briére, N., Sénecal, C. & Valliéres, E. (1992). The Academic Motivation Scale: a Measure of Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Amotivation in Education. Educational Psychological Measurement. 52:1003-1014.
58. Vela, R. (2003). The role of emotional intelligence in the academic achievement of first year college students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University-Kingsville.
59. Walker, K. & Dixon, V. (2002). Spiritual and academic performance among African college students. Journal of Black Psychology, 28 (2), 107-121.
60. Weihua, F. & Williams, C.T. (2010). The Effects of Parental Involvement on Students' Academic Self-Efficacy, Engagement and Intrinsic Motivation. Educational Psychology, 30: 53-74
61. Williams, T.R., Davis, L.E., Miller, C.J., Saunders, J., & Williams, J.H. (2002). Friends, families and neighborhoods: Understanding academic outcomes of African youth. Urban Education 37 (3), 408-432
62. Wolf, T. M. (1994). Stress, coping and health: Enhancing well-being during medical school. Medical Education. 28, 8-17.
63. World Health Organization (2017). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide
64. Zainuddin Yusoff, B. H. (2000). Hubungan KecerdasanEmosidengankepimpinan: Tinjauan Di KalanganPemimpin-PemimpinPelajarUnversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Skudai. Projeck Sarjana Muda. UTM.TidakDiterbitkan.
65. Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 13-39). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
66. Zimmerman, B. J. (2008). Investigating self-regulation and motivation: Historical background, methodological developments, and future prospects. American Educational Research Journal, 45, 166-183.
Published
2022-10-31
How to Cite
Odedokun, S. A. (2022). Psychosocial Factors as Predictors of Academic Behavioural Confidence among Pre-Medical Students of University of Ibadan. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 18(31), 27. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n31p27
Section
ESJ Social Sciences
Copyright (c) 2022 Solomon Adekunle Odedokun
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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