Linguistic Identity Construal of Spanish Youth: ‘The Media Network Has Its Idols, But Its Principal Idol is Its Own Style Which Generates an Aura of Winning and Leaves the Rest in Darkness
Keywords:
Style, audience design, proactive identity construal
Abstract
The present investigation attempts to verify why and through what via the contact with English insertions in Spanish discourse changes the speech style and construes the linguistic identity of Spanish youth, even if they hardly speak English. In order to throw light on the above-mentioned hypothesis, Allan Bell’s (1977, 1984, 1991, 1997, 2001) Audience Design Theory was combined with an Attitudinal Experiment in which 250 students participated from Madrid Complutense University and Castilla la Mancha University. The students were asked to listen to two different recordings of females reading almost the same text, the difference being that one text contained English insertions and the other did not. As the culmination the experiment participants did the specially designed Likert Test. According to the results the following conclusions were reached: (i) The majority of the Attitudinal Experiment participants, the “new generation of Digital Natives” (Prensky 2001), accept that mass media is the major factor that influence their speech style; (ii) Spanish youth use English insertions in their Spanish discourse because they perceive someone who does as being young, modern, a cosmopolitan, a Spanish-English bilingual and someone trendy; (iii) Spanish youngsters use English insertions without being Spanish-English bilinguals; (iv) for the Attitudinal Experiment participants neither a particular speech style nor a sweet type of vice can measure cleverness of a speaker; (v) for the Attitudinal Experiment participants a sweet type of voice together with a particular speech style does matter.
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References
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200773384_Style_as_Audience_Design (1984). Language style as audience design. Language in Society, 13(2), 145-204.
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6. Bullock, B. E., and Toribio, A. J. (2009). Themes in the study of code-switching. In B. E. Bullock and A. J. Toribio (Eds.), Linguistic Code-switching (pp.1-17). New York: Cambridge University Press.
7. Burton, G. (2005). Media and Society: Critical Perspectives. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
8. Coupland, N. (2009). Style: Language Variation and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Cutillas, Espinosa, J. A.
https://digitum.um.es/xmlui/bitstream/10201/50789/1/Variacion estilistica.pdf (2003). Variación estilística en los medios de comunicación: una aproximación contrastiva a la teoría del diseño de la audiencia. Tonos Digital: Revista Electrónica de Estudios Filologicos, (5).
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https://www.academia.edu/6415980/Hypervernacularisation_and_speaker_design_A_case_st udy (2010). Hyper-vernacularisation in a Speaker Design Context: A Case Study. Folia Lingüística, 44(1), 31-52.
11. Diebold, A. R. (1961). Incipient bilingualism. Language, 37(1), 97-112.
12. Draemel, A. F.
https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com
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14. Edwards, M. and Gardner-Chloros, P.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240732465_ Compound_verbs_in_codeswitching_Bilinguals_making_do (2007). Compound verbs in codeswitching: Bilinguals making do? International Journal of Bilingualism, 11(1), 73-91.
15. Eckert, P. (2012). Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology, 41(1), 87-100.
16. Geeraerts, D. and Kristiansen, G. (2015). Variationist linguistics. In E. Dabrowska and D. Divjak (Eds.), Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 366-389). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
17. Giles, H. and Powesland, P. F. (1997). Accommodation theory. In N. Coupland, and A. Jaworski, (Eds.). Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Coursebook (pp.232-239). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
18. Haugen, E. (1950). The analysis of linguistic borrowing. Language, 26(2), 210–231. Haugen, E. (1953). The Norwegian Language in America: A Study in Bilingual Behaviour.
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21. Jakobson, R. (1961). Linguistics and communication theory. In R. Jakobson (Ed.) On the Structure of Language and its Mathematical Aspects (pp. 245-252). Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society.
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23. Kristiansen, G., & Dirven, R. (2008). Cognitive sociolinguistics: Rationale, methods and scope. In G. Kristiansen and R. Dirven (Eds.), Cognitive Sociolinguistics: Language Variation, Cultural Models, Social Systems (pp. 1-17). New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
24. Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C. and Fillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluational reactions to spoken languages. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60(1), 44-51.
25. Lambert, W. E. (1967). A social psychology of bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues, 23(2), 91-109.
26. Lipski, J. M. (2014). Spanish-English code-switching among low-fluency bilinguals: Towards an expanded typology. Sociolinguistic Studies, 8(1), 23-55.
27. Lipski, J. M. (2005). Code-switching or Borrowing? No sé yo no puedo decir, you know. In L. Sayahi and M. Westmoreland (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics (pp. 1-15). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
28. Montes-Alcalá, C. (2001). Oral vs. written code-cwitching contexts in English-Spanish bilingual narratives, in I. de la Cruz (Ed.), La lingüística aplicada a finales del siglo XX. Ensayos y propuestas, 2, 715-720.
29. Montgomery, M. (2008). An Introduction to Language and Society. New York: Routledge.
30. Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching. New York: Oxford University Press.
31. Myers-Scotton, C. (1996). Codeswitching with English: Types of switching, types of communities. In D. Graddol, D. Leith and J. Swann (Eds.), English: History, Diversity and Change (pp. 66-68). London: Routledge.
32. Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7/8), 586-618.
33. Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1–6.
34. Raschka, C. and Lee, W. (2002). Bilingual development and social networks of British.born Chinese children. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 153, 9-25.
35. Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A. and Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50(4), 696-735.
36. Stavans, I. (2000). The essentials Ilan Stavans. New York: Routledge.
37. Stavans, I. (2003). Spanglish: The Making of a New American Language. New York: Harper Collins.
38. Stavans, I. (2008). Spanglish. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
39. Tabourett-Keller, A. (1997). Language and identity. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics (pp. 315-326). Oxford: Blackwell.
40. Valdés, G. (1988). The language situation of Mexican-Americans. In S.-L. C. Wong and S. McKay (Eds.), Language Diversity: Problem or Resource? A Social and Educational Perspective on Language Minorities in the United States (pp. 111-139). New York: Newbury House Publishers.
41. Vogt, H. (1954). Language Contacts. Word, 10(1), 36-374.
2. Bell, A.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200773384_Style_as_Audience_Design (1984). Language style as audience design. Language in Society, 13(2), 145-204.
3. Bell, A. (1991). Audience accommodation in the mass media. In H. Giles, J. Coupland and N. Coupland (Eds.), Contexts of Accommodation: Developments in Applied Sociolinguistics (pp. 69-102). New York: Cambridge University Press.
4. Bell, A. (1997). Language style as audience design. In N. Coupland, and A. Jaworski, (Eds), Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Coursebook (pp. 240-250). London: Macmillan.
5. Bell, A. (2001). Back in style: Reworking audience design. In P. Eckert, R. Rickford, John (Eds.), Style and Sociolinguistic Variation (pp. 139-169). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Bullock, B. E., and Toribio, A. J. (2009). Themes in the study of code-switching. In B. E. Bullock and A. J. Toribio (Eds.), Linguistic Code-switching (pp.1-17). New York: Cambridge University Press.
7. Burton, G. (2005). Media and Society: Critical Perspectives. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
8. Coupland, N. (2009). Style: Language Variation and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Cutillas, Espinosa, J. A.
https://digitum.um.es/xmlui/bitstream/10201/50789/1/Variacion estilistica.pdf (2003). Variación estilística en los medios de comunicación: una aproximación contrastiva a la teoría del diseño de la audiencia. Tonos Digital: Revista Electrónica de Estudios Filologicos, (5).
10. Cutillas, Espinosa, J.A., Hernández Campoy, J.M. and Schiling Estes, N.
https://www.academia.edu/6415980/Hypervernacularisation_and_speaker_design_A_case_st udy (2010). Hyper-vernacularisation in a Speaker Design Context: A Case Study. Folia Lingüística, 44(1), 31-52.
11. Diebold, A. R. (1961). Incipient bilingualism. Language, 37(1), 97-112.
12. Draemel, A. F.
https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com
13. /&httpsredir=1&article=3139&context=etd (2011). Linguistic fusion: A comparative sociolinguistic study of Spanish-English code-switching found in natural and planned speech. Iowa State University: Digital Repository.
14. Edwards, M. and Gardner-Chloros, P.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240732465_ Compound_verbs_in_codeswitching_Bilinguals_making_do (2007). Compound verbs in codeswitching: Bilinguals making do? International Journal of Bilingualism, 11(1), 73-91.
15. Eckert, P. (2012). Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology, 41(1), 87-100.
16. Geeraerts, D. and Kristiansen, G. (2015). Variationist linguistics. In E. Dabrowska and D. Divjak (Eds.), Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 366-389). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
17. Giles, H. and Powesland, P. F. (1997). Accommodation theory. In N. Coupland, and A. Jaworski, (Eds.). Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Coursebook (pp.232-239). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
18. Haugen, E. (1950). The analysis of linguistic borrowing. Language, 26(2), 210–231. Haugen, E. (1953). The Norwegian Language in America: A Study in Bilingual Behaviour.
19. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
20. Haugen, E. (1956). Bilingualism in the Americas: A Bibliography and Research Guide. Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
21. Jakobson, R. (1961). Linguistics and communication theory. In R. Jakobson (Ed.) On the Structure of Language and its Mathematical Aspects (pp. 245-252). Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society.
22. Kiesling, S. F. (2013). Constructing identity, in J.K. Chambers and N. Schilling (Eds), pp. 448- 467.
23. Kristiansen, G., & Dirven, R. (2008). Cognitive sociolinguistics: Rationale, methods and scope. In G. Kristiansen and R. Dirven (Eds.), Cognitive Sociolinguistics: Language Variation, Cultural Models, Social Systems (pp. 1-17). New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
24. Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C. and Fillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluational reactions to spoken languages. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60(1), 44-51.
25. Lambert, W. E. (1967). A social psychology of bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues, 23(2), 91-109.
26. Lipski, J. M. (2014). Spanish-English code-switching among low-fluency bilinguals: Towards an expanded typology. Sociolinguistic Studies, 8(1), 23-55.
27. Lipski, J. M. (2005). Code-switching or Borrowing? No sé yo no puedo decir, you know. In L. Sayahi and M. Westmoreland (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics (pp. 1-15). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
28. Montes-Alcalá, C. (2001). Oral vs. written code-cwitching contexts in English-Spanish bilingual narratives, in I. de la Cruz (Ed.), La lingüística aplicada a finales del siglo XX. Ensayos y propuestas, 2, 715-720.
29. Montgomery, M. (2008). An Introduction to Language and Society. New York: Routledge.
30. Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching. New York: Oxford University Press.
31. Myers-Scotton, C. (1996). Codeswitching with English: Types of switching, types of communities. In D. Graddol, D. Leith and J. Swann (Eds.), English: History, Diversity and Change (pp. 66-68). London: Routledge.
32. Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7/8), 586-618.
33. Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1–6.
34. Raschka, C. and Lee, W. (2002). Bilingual development and social networks of British.born Chinese children. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 153, 9-25.
35. Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A. and Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50(4), 696-735.
36. Stavans, I. (2000). The essentials Ilan Stavans. New York: Routledge.
37. Stavans, I. (2003). Spanglish: The Making of a New American Language. New York: Harper Collins.
38. Stavans, I. (2008). Spanglish. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
39. Tabourett-Keller, A. (1997). Language and identity. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics (pp. 315-326). Oxford: Blackwell.
40. Valdés, G. (1988). The language situation of Mexican-Americans. In S.-L. C. Wong and S. McKay (Eds.), Language Diversity: Problem or Resource? A Social and Educational Perspective on Language Minorities in the United States (pp. 111-139). New York: Newbury House Publishers.
41. Vogt, H. (1954). Language Contacts. Word, 10(1), 36-374.
Published
2022-10-31
How to Cite
Gogrichiani, T. G. (2022). Linguistic Identity Construal of Spanish Youth: ‘The Media Network Has Its Idols, But Its Principal Idol is Its Own Style Which Generates an Aura of Winning and Leaves the Rest in Darkness. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 18(32), 95. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n32p95
Section
ESJ Humanities
Copyright (c) 2022 Tamara Guliashvili Gogrichiani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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