Understanding Coastal Citizens Perception on Urban Green Spaces: Evidence from Benin Republic in West Africa
Keywords:
Conservation, Citizens’ perception, participatory planning, socioeconomic effect, urban green space, urban management policy
Abstract
Urban Green Spaces (UGS) have several benefits for humans and environment. Despite these numerous benefits and important roles, UGS are often disregarded because their ecosystem services are not quantified and well-understood in developing countries. Until now, no study was carried out regarding the local perception, urban green spaces use values, threats and management strategies in Benin. This study was undertaken to assess the importance of UGS to citizens’ communities, to identify threats to viability and communities’ commitment or willing to adhere participatory suitable management in three cities (Ouidah, Cotonou and Porto-Novo) located in the coastal area of Benin. Surveys were conducted with a questionnaire and respondent were selected randomly in communities. A total of 360 informants were selected, 120 per district (40 users, 40 household and 40 key informants). The survey assessed residents’ perception of UGS with reference to key socioeconomic variables (age, gender, educational levels). Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, chordDiagram, correlations through corrplot packages and Principal Component Analysis under R software. It came out from this study, six positive aspects: shading, air pollutants absorption, aesthetics, recreation, medicinal uses and economic benefit and four incivility or negative aspects: waste dump, mosquito lodges,
threat to roads and buildings cracking with roots. These benefits and disturbance inputted to trees differed significantly between the three cities (χ2 = 110.65; P <0.001) and three categories of interviewees (χ2 = 25.32; P = 0.004). Urban green spaces were also subject to anarchic exploitation which consisted of illegal logging, debarking, pruning, topping and root harvesting. This study allowed concluding that UGS plays an important socioeconomic role for surrounding communities. Therefore, it seems urgent to ensure the viability of these ecosystems. It also reported that communities expressed their will to participate in UGS protection and conservation.
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References
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2. Adam. K. S. & Boko. M. (1993). Le Bénin. Cotonou : Les Éditions du Flamboyant.
3. Amontcha, A. M., Djego, J. G., Imorou, I. T., & Sinsin, B. A. (2017). Phyto-diversite et utilisations des espaces verts prives dans les villes du grand Nokoue (Sud-Benin). Journal de la Recherche Scientifique de l’Université de Lomé, 19(2), 117-139.
4. Armson. D., Stringer. P. and Ennos. A.R. 2012. The effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperatures in an urban area. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 11(3): 245–255.
5. Ayeni F.A., Odumosu B.T., Oluseyi A.E., and Ruppitsch W. (2016). Identification and prevalence of tetracycline resistance in enterococci isolated from poultry in Ilishan. Ogun State. Nigeria. Journal of Pharmacy and BioAllied Sciences. 8(1): 69–73.
6. Barry, A. A., Caesar, J., Klein Tank, A. M. G., Aguilar, E., McSweeney, C., Cyrille, A. M., .,. & Laogbessi, E. T. (2018). West Africa climate extremes and climate change indices. International Journal of Climatology, 38, e921-e938.
7. Bell. S., Morris. N., Findlay. C., Travlou. P., Montarzino. A., Gooch. D., et al. (2004). Nature for people: The importance of green spaces to east midlands communities. Research report no. 567. Peterborough. England: English Nature.
8. Campese. J., Sunderland. T., Greiber. T., Oviedo. G. 2009. Rights-based Approaches: Exploring Issues and Opportunities for Conservation. (Eds.) CIFOR and IUCN. Bogor.
9. Chiesura. A. (2004). The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landscape and Urban Planning. 68. 129–138.
10. Chow. W. T. L., Nur. S., Binte. A., Akbar. A., Li. S., & Roth. M. (2016). Assessment of measured and perceived microclimates within a tropical urban forest. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 16. 62–75. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug. 2016.01.010.
11. Costanza. R., Hart. M., Posner. S., Talberth. J. (2009). Beyond GDP: The Need for New Measures of Progress. Pardee Paper No. 4. Boston: Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future.
12. Dagnelie P. (1998). Statistiques théoriques et appliquées. Brussels: De Boeck. 517 p.
13. FAO. (2002). Proceedings of the Workshop on Rural Radio and Food Security. 5–9 November 2001. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome.
14. Damien GB. Djènontin A. Rogier C. (2010). Malaria infection and disease in an area with pyrethroid-resistant vectors in southern Benin. Malar Journal. 9: 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-380. PMID: 21194470.
15. Djogbénou L. Pasteur N. Akogbéto M. Weill M. Chandre F. (2011). Insecticide resistance in the Anopheles gambiae complex in Benin: A nationwide survey. Med Vet Entomol. 25(3): 256-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00925.x. PMID: 21155858.
16. FAO. (2011). Situation des forêts du monde. Rome. Italie. 176p.
17. Georgescu. M., Chow. W.T.L., Wang. Z.H., Brazel. A., Trapido-Lurie. B., Roth. M. and Benson-Lira. V. 2015. Prioritizing urban sustainability solutions: coordinated approaches must incorporate scale-dependent built environment induced effects. Environmental Research Letters. 10(6): 061001.
18. Govoetchan R. Gnanguenon V. Azondékon R. (2014). Evidence for perennial malaria in rural and urban areas under the Sudanian climate of Kandi. North eastern Benin. Parasit Vectors. 7: 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-79. PMID: 24564957.
19. Guédjé, F. K., Houngninou, B. E., Honvou, F. S., & Kougbéagbédè, H. (2016). Trend of temperatures in Cotonou between 1970 and 2008 in the context of climate change. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 25(1), 241-245.
20. Ho. C. H., Sasidharan. V., Elmendorf. W., Willits. F. K., Graefe. A., & Godbey. G. (2005). Gender and ethnic variations in urban parks preferences. visitations. and perceived benefits. Journal of Leisure Research. 37. 281–306.
21. Hsieh. C-M. & Jan Zhang. L. (2016). A simplified assessment of how tree allocation. wind environment. and shading affect human comfort. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 18. 126–137.
22. Kenney. W.A., van Wasseanaer. P.J.E. & Satel. A. L. 2011. Criteria and Indicators for Strategic Urban Forest Planning and Management. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 37: 108–117.
23. Kothencz. G., Kolcsár. R., Cabrera-Barona. P., & Szilassi. P. (2017). Urban Green Space Perception and Its Contribution to Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14(7). 766. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070766.
24. Morris. N. (2003). Health. well-being and open space: literature review. Edinburgh OPEN space.
25. Nahum. A., Erhart. A. and Mayé. A. (2010). Malaria incidence and prevalence among children living in a peri-urban area on the coast of benin. west Africa: A longitudinal study. Am J Trop Med Hyg; 83(3): 465-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0611. PMID: 20810805.
26. Hunter. I. R. 2001. What do people want from urban forestry? The Europe experience. Urban Ecosystems 5:277–284.
27. INSAE. (2013). Quatrième Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitation. Institut National de la Statistique et de l’Analyse Economique (septembre 2013). Cotonou. Bénin.
28. INSAE. (2016). Rapport du Quatrième Recensement General de la Population et de l’Habitation. Cotonou. Bénin. 35 p.
29. IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts. Adaptation. and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. UK and New York. NY. USA 1132.
30. Jim. C.Y. and Chen W.Y. (2006). Perception and Attitude of Residents Toward Urban Green Spaces in Guangzhou (China). Environmental Management. 38(3): 338–349. DOI: 10.1007/s00267-005-0166-6.
31. Kirschbaum. M.U.F. (2004). Direct and Indirect Climate Change Effects on Photosynthesis and Transpiration. Plant Biology. 6(3): 242–253. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-820883
32. Litschke. T. and Kuttler. W. 2008. On the reduction of urban particle concentration by vegetation—a review. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 17(3): 229-240.
33. Lopez. F. and Roussel. J. M. 2010. Encombrement des trottoirs : Les espaces verts. Une voirie pour tous. Fiche n° 3.5. 10.
34. Madlener R. & Sunak Y. (2011). Impacts of urbanization on urban structures and energy demand: what can we learn for urban energy planning and urbanization management? Sustain Cities Soc 1:45–53.
35. MEHU/DUA. (2006). Revue du secteur urbain au Bénin. Étude préparatoire. volet socioéconomique infrastructures et équipement. Rapport de synthèse. Cotonou. Bénin. 269.
36. Meyer. J.L., Paul. M.J. and Taulbee. W.K. (2005). Stream ecosystem function in urbanizing landscapes. Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 24(3): 602–612.
37. NATUREPARIF. (2012). Politiques urbaines et biodiversité. Recueil d’actions de villes et agglomérations françaises et européennes. Iles de France. 116.
38. Ogunleye-Adetona. C.I. and Oladeinde. C. (2013). The role of community self help projects in rural development of Kwara state. Nigeria. International Journal of Development and Sustainability. 2(1): 28–45.
39. Ouinsavi. C. (2000). In situ conservation of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss: socioeconomic relevance. structure and dynamic of natural communities and Productivity of trial plantations in Benin. Engineer Agronomist Thesis. FSA/UAC. Abomey-Calavi. Benin. 120 p.
40. Phillips. O., & Gentry. A. H. (1993). The useful plants of Tambopata. Peru: I. Statistical hypothesis tests with a new quantitative technique. Economic Botany. 47. 15–32.
41. Polorigni. B., Radji. R. and Kokou. K. (2014). Perceptions. tendances et préférences en foresterie urbaine : cas de la ville de Lomé au Togo. European Scientific Journal. ESJ. 10 (5).
42. R Core Team. 2017. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna. Austria.
43. Richardson E. A. & Mitchell R. (2010). Gender differences in relationships between urban green space and health in the United Kingdom. Social Science & Medicine. 17(3): 568–575.
44. Sokpon. N. and Ouinsavi. C. (2004). Gestion des plantations de Khaya senegalensis au Bénin. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques. 279 (1) 37.
45. Taiyun Wei and Viliam Simko (2017). R package “corrplot”: Visualization of a Correlation Matrix (Version 0.84). https://github.com/taiyun/corrplot.
46. Tyrvaїnen. L. 2001. Economic valuation of urban forest benefits in Finland. Journal of Environmental Management. 62:75–92.
47. Teka. O., & Vogt. J. (2010). Social perception of natural risks by local residents in developing countries-The example of the coastal area of Benin. Social Science Journal. 47. 215–224.
48. Teka. O., Togbe. C. E., Djikpo. R., Chabi. R. & Djossa. B. (2017). Effects of urban forestry on the local climate in Cotonou. Benin republic. Agriculture. Forestry and Fisheries. 6(4): 123–129. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20170604.13. ISSN: 2328-563X (Print). ISSN: 2328–5648 (Online)
49. UNDP (United Nations Development Program). (2007). Human Development Report 2007/2008 Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world. New York. UNDP. 399p.
50. Vanclay. F., Esteves. A. M., Aucamp. I., and Franks. D. (2015). Social Impact Assessment: Guidance for assessing and managing the social impacts of projects. Fargo ND: International Association for Impact Assessment. 107p. http://www.rug.nl/research/portal.
51. Vergriete. Y. & Labrecque. M. (2007). Rôle des arbres et des plantes grimpantes en milieu urbain : Revue de littérature et tentative d’extrapolation au contexte montréalais. Rapport pour le Conseil régional de l’environnement de Montréal. Jardin botanique de Montréal. Institut de recherche en biologie végétale. Montréal. 35.
52. Wolf. K.L. (2005). Trees in the small city retail business district: Comparing resident and visitor perceptions. Journal of Forestry. 103(8): 390–395.
53. Wu J. (2008). Toward a landscape ecology of cities: beyond buildings. trees. and urban forests. In: Carreiro MM. Song Y-C. Wu J (eds) Ecology. planning. and management of urban forests: international perspectives. Springer. New York. pp. 10–28
54. Wu S., Hou Y. & Yuan G. (2010). Évaluation des biens et services de l’écosystème forestier et du capital forestier naturel de la municipalité de Beijing. Chine. Unasylva 234/235. Vol 6. 28-36pp.
55. Yin S., Shen Z., Zhou P., Che S. & Wang W. (2011). Quantifying air pollution attenuation within urban parks: An experimental approach in Shanghai. China. Environmental Pollution. Vol. 159. 8–9. 2155–21
Published
2022-11-03
How to Cite
Djikpo, V. A. R., Teka, O., Djossa, A. B., Oumorou, M., & Sinsin, B. (2022). Understanding Coastal Citizens Perception on Urban Green Spaces: Evidence from Benin Republic in West Africa. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 10, 709. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/16073
Section
ESI Preprints
Copyright (c) 2022 V. A. Rosos Djikpo, Oscar Teka, A. Bruno Djossa, Madjidou Oumorou, Brice Sinsin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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