Socio – Economic and Financial Efects of Kidnapping in Birnin Gwari Local Governmant Area of Kaduna State
Keywords:
Socio-Economic, Financial, Kidnapping, Vigilante Group, Growth, BirninGwari, Crime
Abstract
This paper focuses on the socio-economic and financial effects of kidnapping in BirninGwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from the study area. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Chi-square (χ2) statistic was used to test the hypothesis. This study revealed that kidnapping has a significant effect on the socio-economic activities of the study area (χ2=13.849a, α=3, p-value=0.003). To enhance the reduction in the rate of kidnapping, the government needs to provide job opportunities for the youth, train the security agencies, and provide them with the necessary equipment to fight crime, especially kidnapping, in the country. The individual community should also form an active vigilante group or any other form of informal crime control mechanism to support the effort of the police to improve the level of security in the society. There is need for improved sensitization and collaboration between the security agencies and the community and all sections of society to pass the message of safety to Nigerians on the importance of reporting suspicious behaviour to the police and other security agencies.
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References
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34. Newman, O. (1973). Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. New York: Macmillan.
35. Omotor, D. G. (2004). An Analysis of Federal Government Expenditure in the Education Sector of Nigeria: Implications for National Development. Journal of Social Sciences, 9(2), 105-110.
36. Ōzkan, G.Ō.K. (2011). The role of opportunity in crime prevention and possible threats to crime control benefits. Polis BilimleriDergisi, Turkish Journal of Police Studies Vol. 13 (1) pp97-114.
37. Obanya, P. (2002). Revitalizing education in Africa.Stirling-Horden.
38. Ogwumike, F. O. (2002). An appraisal of poverty reduction strategies in Nigeria.CBN Economic and Financial Review, 39(4), 1-17.
39. Onibokun, A. (2003). Poverty and insecurity in Anglophone West Africa.Security, crime and segregation in West African cities since the 19th century, IFRA publication, 175-182.
40. Ojerinde, D. (1985). Analysis of Nigeria's national policy on education. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 11(3), 249-253.
41. Putting Fear of Crime on the Map Investigating Perceptions of Crime Using Geographic Information Systems. Page 12
42. Smith, D. J. (2010). A culture of corruption: Everyday deception and popular discontent in Nigeria. Princeton University Press.
43. Short, J. (1991). Poverty, ethnicity and crime: Change and continuity in U.S. cities. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 28(4), 501-508.
44. Sherman, L. W. (1997). Communities and crime prevention. Sherman, LW. https://www.ncjrs.gov/works/chapter3.htm.
45. Shaffer, R., Deller, S., & Marcouiller, D. (2006). Rethinking community economic development. Economic Development Quarterly, 20(1), pp.59-74.
46. Siegal, L. & McCormick, C. (2006). Criminology in Canada: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies (3rd ed.). Toronto: Thompson, Nelson
47. Ucha, C. (2010). Poverty in Nigeria: Some dimensions and contributing factors.Global Majority E-Journal, 1(1), 46-56.
48. UN Habitat (2007). Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements 2007. UK: Earthscan. http://www.unisdr.org/files/2585_2432alt1.pdf(accessed December 3, 2014).
49. World Bank (2014). Nigeria, third on world poverty index. World Bank official release as published in the Vanguard Newspaper, April, 11 http:www.vanguardngr.com/2014/04/440695.
2. Agbola, T. (1997). The Architecture of Fear: Urban Design and Construction Response to Urban Violence in Lagos, Nigeria. Research Report, IFRA, Nigeria. http://www.openedition.org/6540 Aigbokhan, B. E. (2000). Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in Nigeria: A case study (Vol. 102). African Economic Research Consortium
3. Armitage, R. (2013). Crime Prevention Through Housing Design. Crime Prevention and Security Management Series.Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England.
4. Bennett, G. (1989). Crime warps: The future of crime in America. New York: Anchor Books.
5. Chilton, R. & Datesman, S. (1987). Gender, race, and crime: An analysis of urban trends, 1960-1980. Gender & Society, 1(2), 152-171.
6. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (1994). Canadian crime statistics, 1992.Juristat, 14(3).Statistics Canada.
7. Crowe, T. D. (2000). Crime prevention through environmental design: Applications of architectural design and space management concepts. Revised by Lawrence J. Fennelly. Butterworth-Heinemann.First printed in 1991.
8. Carmichael, S. & Piquero, A. R. (2004). Sanctions, perceived anger, and criminal offending. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. Special Issue: Offender Decision Making, 20(4), 371-393.
9. Crime on Behavioral Health Outcomes and Behavioral Health Treatment.
10. Clarke, R. V. (1989). Theoretical Background to Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and Situational Prevention. Paper presented at the Designing Out Crime: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology and NRMA Insurance and held at the Hilton Hotel, Sydney, June 16 – 19
11. Dike, V. E. (2005). Corruption in Nigeria: A new paradigm for effective control.Africa Economic Analysis, 1-22.
12. Doran, B. J. & Burgess, M. B. (2012). Chapter 2 Why is fear of crime a serious social problem.
13. Dugan, L. (1999). The effect of criminal victimization on a household's moving decision*. Criminology, Doob, A. and C. Cesaroni. (2004). Responding to Youth Crime in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
14. Doob, A. & Webster, C. (2003). Sentence severity and crime: Accepting the null hypothesis. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (Vol. 30, pp. 143−195). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15. Dugan, L. & Apel, R. (2005). The differential risk of retaliation by relational distance: A more general model of violent victimization. Criminology, 43(3), 697-730. 37(4), 903-930.
16. Exum, M. L. (2002). The application of robustness of the rational choice perspective in the study of intoxicated and angry intentions to aggress. Criminology, 40(4), 933-966.
17. Exum, M. L. (2002). The effects of alcohol intoxication and anger on violent decision making in men. Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, 62(9), 3195-A.
18. Felson, R. B. (1997). Routine activities and involvement in violence as actor, witness, or target. Violence and Victims, 12(3), 209−221.
19. Felson, M. & Cohen, L. E. (1980). Human ecology and crime: A routine activity approach. Human Ecology, 8(4), 389−405.
20. Farrell, G. & Pease, K. (1993). Once Bitten, Twice Bitten: Repeat Victimization and its Implications for Crime Prevention, Crime Prevention Unit Paper 46. London England: Home Office
21. Felson, M. & Clarke, R. V. G. (1998). Opportunity makes the thief: Practical theory for crime prevention (Vol. 98). Home Office, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate
22. Grinshteyn, E. G (2013). Causes and Consequences of Fear of Crime: The Impact of Fear of crime.
23. Huang, C. C., Laing, D., & Wang, P. (2004). Crime and poverty: A search‐theoretic approach*. International Economic Review, 45(3), 909-938.
24. Honkatukia, P., Nyqvist, L., & Poso, T. (2006). Violence from within the reform school. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 4(4), 328-344.
25. Hipp, J. R. & Yates, D. K. (2011). Ghettos, thresholds, and crime: does concentrated poverty really have an accelerating increasing effect on crime?*. Criminology, 49(4), 955- 990.
26. Hartnagel, T. & Lee, G. (1990). Urban crime in Canada. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 32(4), 591-606.
27. Ladouceur, C. & Biron, L. (1993). Ecouler la merchandise vole, uneapprocherationelle? Canadian Journal of Criminology 35(2), 169−182.
28. McCollister et al. (2010). The cost of crime to society: New crime-specific estimates for policy. www.elsevier.com/locate/drugalcdep , 98-10
29. Matsueda, R. L., Kreager, D. A., & Huizinga, D. (2006). Deterring delinquents: A rational choice model of theft and violence. American Sociological Review, 71(1), 95-122.
30. MacCoun, R. & Reuter, P. (1992). Are the wages of sin $30 an hour? Economic aspects of street-level drug dealing. Crime and Delinquency, 38(4), 477−491.
31. Maher, L. (1996). Hidden in the light: Occupational norms among crack-using street-level sex workers. Journal of Drug Issues, 26, 143−173.
32. Mehlum, H., Miguel, E., &Torvik, R. (2006). Poverty and crime in 19th century Germany. Journal of Urban Economics, 59(3), 370-388.
33. Natarajan, M. (2016). Crime in developing countries: the contribution of crime science.
34. Newman, O. (1973). Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. New York: Macmillan.
35. Omotor, D. G. (2004). An Analysis of Federal Government Expenditure in the Education Sector of Nigeria: Implications for National Development. Journal of Social Sciences, 9(2), 105-110.
36. Ōzkan, G.Ō.K. (2011). The role of opportunity in crime prevention and possible threats to crime control benefits. Polis BilimleriDergisi, Turkish Journal of Police Studies Vol. 13 (1) pp97-114.
37. Obanya, P. (2002). Revitalizing education in Africa.Stirling-Horden.
38. Ogwumike, F. O. (2002). An appraisal of poverty reduction strategies in Nigeria.CBN Economic and Financial Review, 39(4), 1-17.
39. Onibokun, A. (2003). Poverty and insecurity in Anglophone West Africa.Security, crime and segregation in West African cities since the 19th century, IFRA publication, 175-182.
40. Ojerinde, D. (1985). Analysis of Nigeria's national policy on education. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 11(3), 249-253.
41. Putting Fear of Crime on the Map Investigating Perceptions of Crime Using Geographic Information Systems. Page 12
42. Smith, D. J. (2010). A culture of corruption: Everyday deception and popular discontent in Nigeria. Princeton University Press.
43. Short, J. (1991). Poverty, ethnicity and crime: Change and continuity in U.S. cities. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 28(4), 501-508.
44. Sherman, L. W. (1997). Communities and crime prevention. Sherman, LW. https://www.ncjrs.gov/works/chapter3.htm.
45. Shaffer, R., Deller, S., & Marcouiller, D. (2006). Rethinking community economic development. Economic Development Quarterly, 20(1), pp.59-74.
46. Siegal, L. & McCormick, C. (2006). Criminology in Canada: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies (3rd ed.). Toronto: Thompson, Nelson
47. Ucha, C. (2010). Poverty in Nigeria: Some dimensions and contributing factors.Global Majority E-Journal, 1(1), 46-56.
48. UN Habitat (2007). Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements 2007. UK: Earthscan. http://www.unisdr.org/files/2585_2432alt1.pdf(accessed December 3, 2014).
49. World Bank (2014). Nigeria, third on world poverty index. World Bank official release as published in the Vanguard Newspaper, April, 11 http:www.vanguardngr.com/2014/04/440695.
Published
2023-02-28
How to Cite
Musa, B. K., Ismail, A., & Abdallah, A. (2023). Socio – Economic and Financial Efects of Kidnapping in Birnin Gwari Local Governmant Area of Kaduna State . European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 19(4), 42. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n4p42
Section
ESJ Social Sciences
Copyright (c) 2023 Bushi Kasimu Musa, Akintola Ismail, Akintola Abdallah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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