Haematic Potentials of Rhyhchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea Extracti in Phenylhydrazine-induced Anaemic Rats
Keywords:
Antianemic activity, R. corymbose, sickle cell
Abstract
The decoction of the whole plant of Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea leaves are used by the Local traditional healers in the department of Korhogo (Northern Côte d’Ivoire) to treat patients with sickle cell disease. This study was designed to assess, the antianemic potential of these plants extract. Anemia was induced with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride in rats. Animals were divided in normal (N), control (C), test (T), and reference (R) groups. T group included ill-induced Animals treated with R. corymbosa and O. subscorpioidea extracts, and R group ill-induced animals treated with vitamin B9 for anemic animals. Dosing was made as 1-day single dose repeated dose. In anemic animals, the production rate of RBC was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in T group as compared to C group. R. corymbosa whole plant and O. subscorpioidea leaves extracts have a haematic potential. The anti-anaemic effect may partly explain their use in patients with sickle cell disease who are affected by a deficiency of erythrocytes and its components.
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References
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European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431
February 2023 edition Vol.19, No.6
www.eujournal.org 218
Gynecol Obstet & Biol Reprod. 40(3):185-200.
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7. Cantrell CL, Berhow MA, Phillips BS, Duval SM, Weisleder D. (2003). Vaughn SF Bioactive crude plant seed extracts from the NCAUR oilseed repository. Phytomedicine, 10(4):325–333. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944711 03322004820
8. Coulibaly A., Boua G.,N'guessan O. et Nahounou B. (2020). Evaluation of Moringa Oleifera Lam Leaves (Moringaceae) Diets against Induced Anemia in Wistar Rats, EAS journal of nutrition and food science, 2 (3): 101- 106
9. De Benoist B, McLean E, Egli I, Gogswell M. (2008). Worldwide prevalence of anemia 1993- 2005. WHO Global Database on Anaemia. WHO.
10. Dupont C. (2017). Prévalence carence en fer. Elsevier, 24 : 45-48
11. Dupouy-Manescau N. (2020). La transfusion sanguine chez les carnivores domestiques : étude rétrospective sur 162 chiens et 125 chats présents au CHUVAC ENVT entre 2013 et 2020. Thèse de Docteur, l’Université Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse (France), 122 p.
12. Dzoyem JP, Tchuenguem RT, Kuiate JR, Teke GN, Kechia FA, Kuete V. (2014). In Vitro and In Vivo antifungal activities of selected Cameroonian dietary spices. BMC Complement Altern Med, , 14(1):58. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472- 6882-14-58
13. Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Nabavi, S.M., Nabavi, S.F., Bahramian, F. & Bekhradnia, A.R. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of H. Officinalis L. Var Angustifoluis, V. Odorata, B. hyrcana et C. (2010). Speciosum. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 23 (1): 29-34.
14. Garandi B, Fankam AG, Nayim P, Wamba BEN, Mbaveng AT, Kuete V. (2018). Anti-staphylococcal activity and antibiotic-modulating effect of Olax subscorpioidea, Piper guineense, Scorodophloeus zenkeri, Fagara leprieurii, and Monodora myristica against resistant phenotypes. Investig Med Chem Pharmacol, 1(2):1–10. https://doi.org/10.31183/imcp.2018.00017
15. Gbenou D., Richard T., Pierre D., Michael F. et Mansourou M. (2006). Etude des propriétés antianémiques de justicia secunda vahl (acanthaceae) chez des rats de souche wistar. Pharm Méd Trad Afr, (14) : 45-54.
European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431
February 2023 edition Vol.19, No.6
www.eujournal.org 219
16. Gnagne et al., (2017). Étude ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales utilisées dans le traitement du diabète dans le Département de Zouénoula (Côte d’Ivoire) Journal of Applied Biosciences , 113: 11257-11266
17. Gui, P. A., Bahi, C., Kamou, K. R., Tiekpa, W. J., Gnaléi, R. M., Djyh, N., & Coulibaly A. (2019). Study of antianemic properties of Parquetina nigrescens (Apocynaceae) in wistar rats. The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 8(5), 216-219.
18. Inkoto L, Bongo N, Kapepula M, Masengo A, Gbolo Z, Tshiama C, Ngombe K, Iteku B, Mbemba F, Mpiana P. et Ngbolua K. (2018). Microscopic features and chromatographic fingerprints of selected congolese medicinal plants: Aframomum alboviolaceum (Ridley) K. Schum, Annona senegalensis Pers. and Mondia whitei (Hook. f.) Skeels, Emergent Life Sciences Research, 4: 1-10.
19. Itodo AU, Gafar MK, Hassan LG Dangoggo SM. (2011). Amino acid estimation and phytochemical screening of Indigofera astragolina leaves. J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2011, 2(5):277-285. I
20. Kerharo J. & Bouquet.A., (1950). plantes médicinales et toxiques.de la Côte d’Ivoire-Haut-Volta. Vigot – Frères, Paris (France),; p. 138
21. Konkon N., Simaga D., Adjoungova A., N’guessan.,Zirihi G. et Kone B. (2006). Etude phytochimique de mitragyna inermis (willd.) o. ktze (rubiaceae), plante à feuille antidiabetique, Pharm Méd Trad Afr, 14 : 73-80 p.
22. Koua K., Irié N., Effo K., Kouakou S., Ayoman T., Tetchi A. et Yapi H. (2018). Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Crinum scillifolium Extracts in Wistar Rats. International Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics , , 6(4): 77-82.
23. Lemonne, N., Lamarre, Y., Romana, M., Mukisi-Mukaza, M., Hardy-Dessources, M.-D., Tarer, V., et al. (2013). Does increased red blood cell deformability raise the risk for osteonecrosis in sickle cell anemia? Blood 121, 3054–6.
24. Leonard E. (1986). Is ethanol a neurotoxin ? The effects of ethanol on neuronal structure and function. Alcoholism; 21 : 325-38.
25. Létapin C. (2016). Méthodologie de quantification des tannins condensés dans les ressources tropicales. Rapport de stage, Université des Antilles (Antilles), 27 p.
26. Levy T., De la cruz gongora V. et Villalpando S. (2016). Anemia: Causes and Prevalence, Encyclopedia of Food and Health, 156-163 p.
27. Macheix, J.J., Fleuriet, A. & Jay-Allemand, C. (2005). Les composés phénoliques des végétaux: un exemple de métabolites secondaires d’importance écoomique. Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes (PPUR) : Lausanne, Suisse.
European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431
February 2023 edition Vol.19, No.6
www.eujournal.org 220
28. Mpondo, M. E., Dibong, S.D., Ladoh, Y.C.F., Priso, R.J. & Ngoye, A. (2012). Les plantes à phénols utilisées par les populations de la ville de Douala. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 15: 2083-2098.
29. MSHP (2016), Enquête de prévalence parasitaire du paludisme et de l’anémie, (EPPD- CI) p51
30. Odoma S, Zezi AU, Danjuma NM, Ahmed A, Magaji MG. (2016). Elucidation of the possible mechanism of analgesic actions of butanol leaf fraction of Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. J Ethnopharmacol, 199:323–327. https://doi.org/10.1 016/j.jep.2016.12.052
31. Okoro OC. Aloke C. Ibiam UA. Obasi NA. Orji OU. Ogbonnia EC. And al., (2021) Studies on Ethanol Extracts of Olax subscorpioidea Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats., Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: Volume 24 (6): 724-732,
32. Organisation des Nations unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO). (2013). La situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture en 2013 : mettre les systèmes alimentaires au service d’une meilleure nutrition. Rome (Italie) : FAO. 114 p. [Visité le 14/1/2018]. En ligne : http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3300e/i3300e.pdf
33. Popoola TD, Awodele O, Omisanya A, Obi N, Umezinwa C, Fatokun AA. (2016). Three indigenous plants used in anticancer remedies, Garcinia kola Heckel (stem bark), Uvaria chamae P. Beauv. (root) and Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. (root) show analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in animal models. J Ethnopharmacol, 194:440–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016. 09.046
34. Righetti A., Koua A. et Adiossan L. (2012). Etiology of anemia among infants, school-aged children, and young non-pregnant women in different settings of South-Central Cote d’Ivoire, Trop Med Hyg, 87: 425–34
35. R-Tiendrebeogo et al., . (2019). Plantes sahéliennes adaptées dans la récupération des terres dégradées et leurs usages pour la santé : cas de la province du Soum au Nord du Burkina Faso . Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences (J.Anim.Plant Sci. ISSN 2071-7024), Vol.41 (1): 6767-6783. https://doi.org/10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v41-1.4
36. Sheth A., Pawar A.,Mote C. et More C. . (2021). Antianemic activity of polyherbal, Raktavardhak kadha,against phenylhydrazine- induced anemia in rats. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 12: 340- 345 p.
37. Soro M, Akakpo-Akue J, Ackah JAAB, Sibri JF, Yapi YG, Kple TKM. . (2021). Effect of Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea two plants used in the management of Korhogo sickle cell disease. J Phytopharmacol 10(1):1-6
European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431
February 2023 edition Vol.19, No.6
www.eujournal.org 221
38. Stuart, M.J., and Nagel, R.L. (2004). Sickle-cell disease. Lancet 364: 1343–1360. Sugihara, K., Sugihara, T., Mohandas, N., and Hebbel, R.P. Thrombospondin mediates adherence of CD36+ sickle reticulocytes to endothelial cells. Blood, 80: 2634–42.
39. Turaskar A., More S., Sheikh R., Gadhpayle J., Bhongade S. L and Shende V. (2013). Inhibitory potential of picrorhiza kurroa royle ex. Benth extracts on phenylhydrazine induced reticulocytosis in rats., Academic Sciences, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2013, Vol 6, Suppl 2,
40. Vert C. (2019). prise en charge de l’anemie par carence martiale chez des patients beneficiant d’une chirurgie colorectale carcinologique, De la faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques de l’université paul sabatier. Université talouse
41. Yamunadevi, M., Wesely, E.G. & Johnson, M. (2011). Phytochemical studies on the terpenoids of medicinally important plant Aerva lanata L. using HPTLC. A.Pacific J. of Trop.Biomedicine. S220-S225.
42. Yenon A., Yapi H., Gnahoue G., Yapo A., Nguessan J. et Djaman A. (2015). Anti- anaemic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Entandrophragma angolense bark on phenylhydrazine- induced anaemic rats. Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 5(3): 12-21. 43. Zangeneh, M.M., Zangeneh, A., Salmani, S. et al., (2019). Protection of phenylhydrazine-induced hematotoxicity by aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum in Wistar male rats. Comp Clin Pathol 28, 331–338 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2845-8
2. Bachir N. (2020). Contribution à l’étude des propriétés des huiles essentielles extraites à partir des plantes médicinales utilisées contre l’anémie. Mémoire de Master, Université de Biskra (Algérie), p 138.
3. Berger J. (2007). Hématotoxicité de la phénylhydrazine J. Appliqué. Biomed , 5(2): 125-130.
4. Beucher G, Grossetti E, Simonet T, Leporrier M, Dreyfus M. (2011). Anémie par carence martiale et grossesse. Prévention et traitement. J
European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431
February 2023 edition Vol.19, No.6
www.eujournal.org 218
Gynecol Obstet & Biol Reprod. 40(3):185-200.
5. Bla Kouakou et al.. (2015). J. Appl. Biosci. Étude ethnopharmacologique des plantes antipaludiques utilisées chez les Baoulé- N’Gban de Toumodi dans le Centre de la Côte d’Ivoire, Journal of Applied Biosciences, 85:7775– 7783 ;
6. Bruneton J. (2009). Pharmacognosie-Phytochimie, plantes médicinales, 4e éd., revue et augmentée, Paris, Tec & DocÉditions médicales internationales, 1288 p: ISBN 978-27430-1188-8.
7. Cantrell CL, Berhow MA, Phillips BS, Duval SM, Weisleder D. (2003). Vaughn SF Bioactive crude plant seed extracts from the NCAUR oilseed repository. Phytomedicine, 10(4):325–333. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944711 03322004820
8. Coulibaly A., Boua G.,N'guessan O. et Nahounou B. (2020). Evaluation of Moringa Oleifera Lam Leaves (Moringaceae) Diets against Induced Anemia in Wistar Rats, EAS journal of nutrition and food science, 2 (3): 101- 106
9. De Benoist B, McLean E, Egli I, Gogswell M. (2008). Worldwide prevalence of anemia 1993- 2005. WHO Global Database on Anaemia. WHO.
10. Dupont C. (2017). Prévalence carence en fer. Elsevier, 24 : 45-48
11. Dupouy-Manescau N. (2020). La transfusion sanguine chez les carnivores domestiques : étude rétrospective sur 162 chiens et 125 chats présents au CHUVAC ENVT entre 2013 et 2020. Thèse de Docteur, l’Université Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse (France), 122 p.
12. Dzoyem JP, Tchuenguem RT, Kuiate JR, Teke GN, Kechia FA, Kuete V. (2014). In Vitro and In Vivo antifungal activities of selected Cameroonian dietary spices. BMC Complement Altern Med, , 14(1):58. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472- 6882-14-58
13. Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Nabavi, S.M., Nabavi, S.F., Bahramian, F. & Bekhradnia, A.R. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of H. Officinalis L. Var Angustifoluis, V. Odorata, B. hyrcana et C. (2010). Speciosum. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 23 (1): 29-34.
14. Garandi B, Fankam AG, Nayim P, Wamba BEN, Mbaveng AT, Kuete V. (2018). Anti-staphylococcal activity and antibiotic-modulating effect of Olax subscorpioidea, Piper guineense, Scorodophloeus zenkeri, Fagara leprieurii, and Monodora myristica against resistant phenotypes. Investig Med Chem Pharmacol, 1(2):1–10. https://doi.org/10.31183/imcp.2018.00017
15. Gbenou D., Richard T., Pierre D., Michael F. et Mansourou M. (2006). Etude des propriétés antianémiques de justicia secunda vahl (acanthaceae) chez des rats de souche wistar. Pharm Méd Trad Afr, (14) : 45-54.
European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431
February 2023 edition Vol.19, No.6
www.eujournal.org 219
16. Gnagne et al., (2017). Étude ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales utilisées dans le traitement du diabète dans le Département de Zouénoula (Côte d’Ivoire) Journal of Applied Biosciences , 113: 11257-11266
17. Gui, P. A., Bahi, C., Kamou, K. R., Tiekpa, W. J., Gnaléi, R. M., Djyh, N., & Coulibaly A. (2019). Study of antianemic properties of Parquetina nigrescens (Apocynaceae) in wistar rats. The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 8(5), 216-219.
18. Inkoto L, Bongo N, Kapepula M, Masengo A, Gbolo Z, Tshiama C, Ngombe K, Iteku B, Mbemba F, Mpiana P. et Ngbolua K. (2018). Microscopic features and chromatographic fingerprints of selected congolese medicinal plants: Aframomum alboviolaceum (Ridley) K. Schum, Annona senegalensis Pers. and Mondia whitei (Hook. f.) Skeels, Emergent Life Sciences Research, 4: 1-10.
19. Itodo AU, Gafar MK, Hassan LG Dangoggo SM. (2011). Amino acid estimation and phytochemical screening of Indigofera astragolina leaves. J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2011, 2(5):277-285. I
20. Kerharo J. & Bouquet.A., (1950). plantes médicinales et toxiques.de la Côte d’Ivoire-Haut-Volta. Vigot – Frères, Paris (France),; p. 138
21. Konkon N., Simaga D., Adjoungova A., N’guessan.,Zirihi G. et Kone B. (2006). Etude phytochimique de mitragyna inermis (willd.) o. ktze (rubiaceae), plante à feuille antidiabetique, Pharm Méd Trad Afr, 14 : 73-80 p.
22. Koua K., Irié N., Effo K., Kouakou S., Ayoman T., Tetchi A. et Yapi H. (2018). Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Crinum scillifolium Extracts in Wistar Rats. International Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics , , 6(4): 77-82.
23. Lemonne, N., Lamarre, Y., Romana, M., Mukisi-Mukaza, M., Hardy-Dessources, M.-D., Tarer, V., et al. (2013). Does increased red blood cell deformability raise the risk for osteonecrosis in sickle cell anemia? Blood 121, 3054–6.
24. Leonard E. (1986). Is ethanol a neurotoxin ? The effects of ethanol on neuronal structure and function. Alcoholism; 21 : 325-38.
25. Létapin C. (2016). Méthodologie de quantification des tannins condensés dans les ressources tropicales. Rapport de stage, Université des Antilles (Antilles), 27 p.
26. Levy T., De la cruz gongora V. et Villalpando S. (2016). Anemia: Causes and Prevalence, Encyclopedia of Food and Health, 156-163 p.
27. Macheix, J.J., Fleuriet, A. & Jay-Allemand, C. (2005). Les composés phénoliques des végétaux: un exemple de métabolites secondaires d’importance écoomique. Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes (PPUR) : Lausanne, Suisse.
European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431
February 2023 edition Vol.19, No.6
www.eujournal.org 220
28. Mpondo, M. E., Dibong, S.D., Ladoh, Y.C.F., Priso, R.J. & Ngoye, A. (2012). Les plantes à phénols utilisées par les populations de la ville de Douala. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 15: 2083-2098.
29. MSHP (2016), Enquête de prévalence parasitaire du paludisme et de l’anémie, (EPPD- CI) p51
30. Odoma S, Zezi AU, Danjuma NM, Ahmed A, Magaji MG. (2016). Elucidation of the possible mechanism of analgesic actions of butanol leaf fraction of Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. J Ethnopharmacol, 199:323–327. https://doi.org/10.1 016/j.jep.2016.12.052
31. Okoro OC. Aloke C. Ibiam UA. Obasi NA. Orji OU. Ogbonnia EC. And al., (2021) Studies on Ethanol Extracts of Olax subscorpioidea Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats., Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: Volume 24 (6): 724-732,
32. Organisation des Nations unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO). (2013). La situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture en 2013 : mettre les systèmes alimentaires au service d’une meilleure nutrition. Rome (Italie) : FAO. 114 p. [Visité le 14/1/2018]. En ligne : http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3300e/i3300e.pdf
33. Popoola TD, Awodele O, Omisanya A, Obi N, Umezinwa C, Fatokun AA. (2016). Three indigenous plants used in anticancer remedies, Garcinia kola Heckel (stem bark), Uvaria chamae P. Beauv. (root) and Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. (root) show analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in animal models. J Ethnopharmacol, 194:440–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016. 09.046
34. Righetti A., Koua A. et Adiossan L. (2012). Etiology of anemia among infants, school-aged children, and young non-pregnant women in different settings of South-Central Cote d’Ivoire, Trop Med Hyg, 87: 425–34
35. R-Tiendrebeogo et al., . (2019). Plantes sahéliennes adaptées dans la récupération des terres dégradées et leurs usages pour la santé : cas de la province du Soum au Nord du Burkina Faso . Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences (J.Anim.Plant Sci. ISSN 2071-7024), Vol.41 (1): 6767-6783. https://doi.org/10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v41-1.4
36. Sheth A., Pawar A.,Mote C. et More C. . (2021). Antianemic activity of polyherbal, Raktavardhak kadha,against phenylhydrazine- induced anemia in rats. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 12: 340- 345 p.
37. Soro M, Akakpo-Akue J, Ackah JAAB, Sibri JF, Yapi YG, Kple TKM. . (2021). Effect of Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea two plants used in the management of Korhogo sickle cell disease. J Phytopharmacol 10(1):1-6
European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431
February 2023 edition Vol.19, No.6
www.eujournal.org 221
38. Stuart, M.J., and Nagel, R.L. (2004). Sickle-cell disease. Lancet 364: 1343–1360. Sugihara, K., Sugihara, T., Mohandas, N., and Hebbel, R.P. Thrombospondin mediates adherence of CD36+ sickle reticulocytes to endothelial cells. Blood, 80: 2634–42.
39. Turaskar A., More S., Sheikh R., Gadhpayle J., Bhongade S. L and Shende V. (2013). Inhibitory potential of picrorhiza kurroa royle ex. Benth extracts on phenylhydrazine induced reticulocytosis in rats., Academic Sciences, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2013, Vol 6, Suppl 2,
40. Vert C. (2019). prise en charge de l’anemie par carence martiale chez des patients beneficiant d’une chirurgie colorectale carcinologique, De la faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques de l’université paul sabatier. Université talouse
41. Yamunadevi, M., Wesely, E.G. & Johnson, M. (2011). Phytochemical studies on the terpenoids of medicinally important plant Aerva lanata L. using HPTLC. A.Pacific J. of Trop.Biomedicine. S220-S225.
42. Yenon A., Yapi H., Gnahoue G., Yapo A., Nguessan J. et Djaman A. (2015). Anti- anaemic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Entandrophragma angolense bark on phenylhydrazine- induced anaemic rats. Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 5(3): 12-21. 43. Zangeneh, M.M., Zangeneh, A., Salmani, S. et al., (2019). Protection of phenylhydrazine-induced hematotoxicity by aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum in Wistar male rats. Comp Clin Pathol 28, 331–338 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2845-8
Published
2023-02-28
How to Cite
Soro, M., Akakpo-Akue, J., Alfred Bognan Ackah, J. A., Sibri, J.-F., Guillaume Yapi, Y., Mireille Kple, T. K., & Léangeovers Getheme Sanko, S. E. (2023). Haematic Potentials of Rhyhchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea Extracti in Phenylhydrazine-induced Anaemic Rats. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 19(6), 208. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n6p208
Section
ESJ Natural/Life/Medical Sciences
Copyright (c) 2023 M’béfèhê Soro, Joël Akakpo-Akue, Jacques Auguste Alfred Bognan Ackah, Jean-François Sibri, Yayé Guillaume Yapi, Tatiana Kangah Mireille Kple, Sihi Ephrem Léangeovers Getheme Sanko
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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