The Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions on Physical Activity Levels in European Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Keywords:
COVID-19; physical activity; exercise; children; adolescents
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate how the COVID-19 public health lockdown restrictions impacted the physical activity levels of European adolescents aged 10-19. Methodology: Databases searched included CINAHL Complete, Medline, APA PsycInfo, AMED, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Search terms comprised database-specific synonyms of “Physical Activity” AND “COVID-19” AND “Adolescents”. Included studies compared continuous, quantitative pre-COVID and during-COVID physical activity measurements of healthy adolescents aged 10-19 living in the European Union. The references of relevant systematic reviews were hand-searched for pertinent studies. Included studies were independently appraised using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale for Cohort Studies followed by meta-analysis. Findings: 1397 studies were retrieved via database search and three further studies through hand searches. After removing duplicates, 898 articles were independently screened in Covidence by two reviewers, resulting in five included studies. Quality Assessment ratings were ‘poor’ (4/5) or ‘fair’ (1/5). Random effects meta-analysis demonstrated a significant decline in European adolescent physical activity levels, with a Standard Mean Difference of 0.44 (95% CI, 0.03, 0.84; P=0.005, 4 studies, n=2286). When analyzed by gender, a non-significant trend of decreased physical activity was found in both boys (0.43, 95% CI, -0.07, 0.93; P=0.09, 3 studies, n=1030) and girls (0.25, 95% CI, -0.33, 0.84; P=0.40, 3 studies, n=1017). Conclusion: These results validate concerns that the COVID-19 lockdowns significantly negatively impacted already-poor adolescent physical activity levels, which could lead to long-term adverse effects on this cohort’s health and well-being. This research demonstrates the importance of interventions to encourage physical activity participation in this demographic.
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References
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6. Brown, P., Brunnhuber, K., Chalkidou, K., Chalmers, I., Clarke, M., Fenton, M., Forbes, C., Glanville, J., Hicks, N. J., Moody, J., Twaddle, S., Timimi, H., & Young, P. (2006). How to formulate research recommendations. BMJ, 333(7572), 804-806. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38987.492014.94
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8. Cocca, A., Greier, K., Drenowatz, C., & Ruedl, G. (2021). Relationship between Objectively and Subjectively Measured Physical Activity in Adolescents during and after COVID-19 Restrictions. Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 11(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11120177
9. Cucinotta, D., & Vanelli, M. (2020). WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta Biomed, 91(1), 157-160. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397
10. Delgado-Rodríguez, M., & Llorca, J. (2004). Bias. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 58(8), 635-641. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.008466
11. Eaton, K. A., Ramsdale, M., Leggett, H., Csikar, J., Vinall, K., Whelton, H., & Douglas, G. (2019). Variations in the provision and cost of oral healthcare in 11 European countries: a case study. International Dental Journal, 69(2), 130-140. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12437
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13. Galluccio, A., Caparello, G., Avolio, E., Manes, E., Ferraro, S., Giordano, C., Sisci, D., & Bonofiglio, D. (2021). Self-Perceived Physical Activity and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Healthy Adolescents during COVID-19: Findings from the DIMENU Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 9(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060622
14. Greier, K., Drenowatz, C., Bischofer, T., Petrasch, G., Greier, C., Cocca, A., & Ruedl, G. (2021). Physical activity and sitting time prior to and during COVID-19 lockdown in Austrian high-school students [Article]. AIMS Public Health, 8(3), 531-540. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2021043
15. Haidich, A. B. (2010). Meta-analysis in medical research. Hippokratia, 14(Suppl 1), 29-37.
16. Hammer, G. P., du Prel, J. B., & Blettner, M. (2009). Avoiding bias in observational studies: part 8 in a series of articles on evaluation of scientific publications. Dtsch Arztebl Int, 106(41), 664-668. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2009.0664
17. Hardie Murphy, M., Rowe, D. A., Belton, S., & Woods, C. B. (2015). Validity of a two-item physical activity questionnaire for assessing attainment of physical activity guidelines in youth. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1080. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2418-6
18. Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2009). A re-evaluation of random-effects meta-analysis. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc, 172(1), 137-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985X.2008.00552.x
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20. Islam, N., Sharp, S. J., Chowell, G., Shabnam, S., Kawachi, I., Lacey, B., Massaro, J. M., D’Agostino, R. B., & White, M. (2020). Physical distancing interventions and incidence of coronavirus disease 2019: natural experiment in 149 countries. BMJ, m2743. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2743
21. John, M., Mary Rose, S., Anna Donnla, O. H., & Bronagh, M. (2022). Associations Between Self-Reported Sleep, Wellbeing and Physical Activity in Irish Adolescents. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n8p1
22. Kharel, M., Sakamoto, J. L., Carandang, R. R., Ulambayar, S., Shibanuma, A., Yarotskaya, E., Basargina, M., & Jimba, M. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on movement behaviours of children and adolescents: a systematic review. BMJ global health, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007190
23. Koh, D. (2020). COVID-19 lockdowns throughout the world. Occupational Medicine, 70(5), 322-322. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa073
24. Lines, T., Burdick, C., Dewez, X., Aldridge, E., Neal-Williams, T., Walker, K., Akhlaghi, H., Paul, B., & Taylor, D. M. (2022). Nature and extent of selection bias resulting from convenience sampling in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Journal, 39(4), 325-330. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2021-211390
25. López-Bueno, R., López-Sánchez, G. F., Casajús, J. A., Calatayud, J., Gil-Salmerón, A., Grabovac, I., Tully, M. A., & Smith, L. (2020). Health-Related Behaviors Among School-Aged Children and Adolescents During the Spanish Covid-19 Confinement. Frontiers in pediatrics, 8, 573. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00573
26. López-Valenciano, A., Suárez-Iglesias, D., Sanchez-Lastra, M. A., & Ayán, C. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on University Students' Physical Activity Levels: An Early Systematic Review [Systematic Review]. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.624567
27. Mayra, S. T., Kandiah, J., & McIntosh, C. E. (2022). COVID‐19 and health in children and adolescents in the US: A narrative systematic review [Article]. Psychology in the Schools, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22723
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Published
2023-03-14
How to Cite
O’Brien, T., & Lynch, A. (2023). The Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions on Physical Activity Levels in European Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 15, 252. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/16530
Section
ESI Preprints
Copyright (c) 2023 Tanya O’Brien, Aileen Lynch
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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