Suicide in Kenyan Universities
Keywords:
Suicidal behaviors, emerging adults, psychological stressors, mixed methods, university students
Abstract
This study examines the prevalence of suicidal thinking, planning, attempts and self-harm and the associated psychological stressors in two Kenyan universities. The participants are undergraduate university students aged (18 -29) years. A convergent mixed method study design was adopted to collect data. Self-administered questionnaire and focus group discussions were carried out among 431 students and six university counselors participated in a three rounds delphi survey. The study instruments were adopted from the Suicide Assessment Five-Step Evaluation & Triage (SAFE-T), Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Assessment Tool (NSSI-AT) and Emerging Adult Stress Inventory (EASI). A multivariate analysis (MANOVA) was performed. The prevalence rate of suicidal thinking was 17.1%, suicidal planning 5.9%, suicidal attempts 7.8% and self-harm 5.5%. Female students and private university students had high prevalence for all suicidal behaviors. Feeling hopeless and depressed, financial difficult, feeling anxious, family conflicts and academic challenges were psychological stressors compelling emerging adults to suicidal behaviors. The prevalence for suicidal behaviors were similar to that found in other studies carried out in other countries. Suicidal behaviors are associated with mental illness symptoms. This should be taken into account by peers, parents and university counselors to prevent and intervene for suicidal behaviors.
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References
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3. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469
4. Arnett, J. J. (2018). Conceptual Foundations of Emerging Adulthood. Www.taylorfrancis.com; Taylor & Francis Group https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315623405-2/conceptual-foundations-emerging-adulthood-jeffrey-jensen-arnett
5. Arnett, J. J., & Jensen, L. A. (2015). “There’s More Between Heaven and Earth.” Journal of Adolescent Research, 30(6), 661–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558415602555
6. Arnett, J., Chapin, L., & Brownlow, C. (2018). Human development: a cultural approach. Australian and New Zealand edition. In research.usq.edu.au. Pearson Australia Group. https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q5044/human-development-a-cultural-approach-australian-and-new-zealand-edition
7. Arnett. J.J. (2011). Debating Emerging Adulthood: Stage or Process? Oxford University Press.
8. Asarnow, J. R. & Ougrin, D. (2019). Suicide & Self-harm: Advancing from Science to Preventing Death. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry; 60 (10):1043 -1045. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.1313.
9. Ayubi, B., & Raju, M. V. R. (2020). Suicidal Ideation in Relationship to Stress, Anxiety and Depression among University Students. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences & Engineering Technology, 8(6): 834 -838. http://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.
10. Bantjes, J., Lovhner, C., Saal, W., Roos, J., Taljaard, L., Page, D., Auerbach, R. P., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Kessler, R. C., & Stein, D. J. (2019). Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates of Common Mental Disorders Among First Year University Students in Post-apartheid South Africa: Implication for a Public Mental Health Approach to Student Wellness. BMC Public Health; 19: 922.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-09-7218.j. Bazeley, P., & Jackson, K. (2013). Qualitative Data Analysis with NVIVO (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.
11. Carter, B. A., & McGoldrick, M. (2005). Expanded Family Life Cycle: The Individual. Family and Social Perspectives (3rd ed). The Multicultural Family Institute; Pearson.
12. Droogers, M., Jansen, D., Lindert, J., Saboga-Nuens, L., Ruden, M., Guochardon, M. & Paget, D. Z. (2020). Health-related Sustainable Developmental Goals: Countdown on Alcohol Use, Smoking Prevalence, Child Overweight and Suicide Mortality. European Journal of Public Health; 30 (Supplement 1): i10 – i13. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa027.
13. Eskin, M., AlBuhairan, F., Rezaeian, M., Abdel-Khalek, A. M., Harlak, H., El-Nayal, M., Asad, N., Khan, A., Mechri, A., Noor, I. M., Hamdan, M., Isayeva, U., Khader, Y., Al Sayyari, A., Khader, A., Behzadi, B., Öztürk, C. Ş., Hendarmin, L. A., Khan, M. M., & Khatib, S. (2018). Suicidal Thoughts, Attempts and Motives Among University Students in 12 Muslim-Majority Countries. Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(1), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-018-9613-4
14. Geenl, M. V., Vedder, P. & Tanilon, J. (2014). Relationship Between Peer Victimization, Cyberbullying, & Suicide in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. 168 (5): 435 – 442. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediactics.2013.4143.
15. Harmbery, J. (2017). The 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals: The challenge of Aquaculture Development and Management. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/a-i7808e.pdf.
16. Khasakhala, L. I., Ndetei, D. M., & Mathai, M. (2013). Suicidal Behaviour among Youth Associated with Psychopathology in both Parents and Youths attending Outpatient Psychiatric Clinic in Kenya. Annual General Psychiatry Biomed Central.
17. Klonsky, E. D., May, A. M. & Saffer, B. Y. (2016). Suicide, Suicide Attempts, & Suicide Ideation. Annual Review Clinical Psychology; 12:307 – 330. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204
18. Kokkevi, A., Rotsika,V., Arapaki, A. & Richardson, C. (2012). Adolescents’ Self-Reported Suicide Attempts, Self-Harm Thoughts & Their Correlates across 17 European Countries. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry. 53, 381-389 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469- 1710.2011.02457.x
19. Korb, I. & Plattner, I. E. (2014) Suicide Ideation & Depression in University Students in Botswana. Journal of Psychology in Africa; 24 (5): 420 -426. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.997010.
20. Lageborn, C. T., Ljung, R., Vaez, M., & Dahlin, M. (2017). Ongoing University Studies and the Risk of Suicide: A Register-based Nationwide Cohort Study of 5 million Young and middle-aged Individuals in Sweden, 1993 -2011. BMJ Open; 7 (3): e104264. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014264.
21. Lewieckie E. M. & Miller, A. A. (2013). Suicide, Guns, & Public Policy. American Journal of Public Health. 1 (January 2013): 27 -31. https://doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300964.
22. Mackenzie, S., Wiegel, J. R., Mundt, M., Brown, D., Saewyc, E., Heiligensteir, E., Brian, H. & Fleming, M. (2011). Depression and Suicidal Ideation among Students Accessing Campus Health Care. American Journal of Orthopsychiarty; 18 (1):101 -107. https://doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01077.x.
23. Mars, B., Heron, J., Biddle, L., Donavan, J. L., Holley, R., Piper, M., Potokar, J., Wyllie, C., & Gunell, D. (2015). Exposure to and Searching for Information about Suicide and Self- harm on the Internet Prevalence and Predictors in a Population Based Cohort of Young Adults. Journal of Affect Disorders; 185: 239 -245. https://doi.org/j.jab.2015.06.001.
24. McKinney, C., Brown, K., & Malkin, M. L. (2017). Parenting Style, Discipline, and Parental Psychopathology: Gender Dyadic Interactions in Emerging Adults. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(1), 290–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0865-7.
25. Mortier, P., Cuijpors, J. G., Kiekens, R. C., Auerbach, P. R Demyttenaere, K., Green, G., & Kessler, R. C., Nock, M. K. & Bruffaerts, R. (2017). The prevalence of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours among College Students: A Meta-Analysis. Psychology of Medicine; 48 (4): 554-565. https://doi:10.1017/s0033291717002215
26. Motamedi, M. H. K., Mirhashemi, A., Taghipour, H. & Danial, Z. (2016). Suicide in Iran. The Lancet; 387 (1003): 29. https://doi.org/10.101016/S0140-6936(15)01296-9
27. Murray, K., Crisp, D. A., Burns, R. A., & Byrne, D. (2020). Psychometric Validation of the Emerging Adult Stress Inventory (EASI). Psychological Assessment, 32(12), 1133–1144. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000957.
28. Nyamori, M. (2015). Alarming Rate of Suicide Among Kenyan Students, what could be the Problem? The Standard. 2nd September, 2015. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/wednesday-life/article/2000174960.
29. O’connor, R. C., Wetherall, K., Cleave, S., Eschle, S., Drummond, J., Ferguson, E., O’Connor, D. B., & O’Carroll, R. E. (2018). Suicide Attempt and Non-Suicidal Self-Harm: National Prevalence Study of Young Adult. BJPsych Open 4 (3): 142 -148.
30. O’Lounghlin, C., Burke, T. A. & Ammerman, B. A. (2020). Examining the Time of Transition from Non-Suicidal Self-injury to suicide Attempt: A Brief Report. CRISIS, the Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000715
31. Oketch-Oboth, J. W. B. & Okunya, L. O. (2018). The Relationship Between Levels of Stress and Academic Performance Among University of Nairobi Students. International Journal of Learning & Development; 8 (4). https://10.5296/ijld.v8:4.13840.
32. Owusu-Ansah, F. E., Addae, A. A., Peasah, B. O., Asante, O., & Osafo, J. (2020). Suicide Among University Students: Prevalence. Risks, & Protective Factors. Health Psychology & Behaviour Medicine; 8(1): 220 -233. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2020.1766978
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Published
2023-06-08
How to Cite
Mutwiri, M. K., Wambugu, A. G., Kinuthia, J. W., & Gachenia, L. (2023). Suicide in Kenyan Universities. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 18, 73. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/16843
Section
ESI Preprints
Copyright (c) 2023 Marion K. Mutwiri, Anne G. Wambugu, Jane W. Kinuthia, Lucy Gachenia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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