Online Audiences and Gatekeeping: User Comments and Their Influence on Editorial Processes in Newsrooms in Kenya
Keywords:
Audiences, Online Audiences, Online News, User Comments, Editorial, Gatekeeping
Abstract
In Kenyan newsrooms, there has been a debate about keeping the comment section on news websites in the aftermath of Social Media Networks. This allows the media to still collect user opinions without the risk of unregulated third-party comments. This paper sought to establish the nature and influence user comments have on editorial processes and explain what value media houses that have retained the comment section are receiving. To investigate this, the researchers adopted mixed methods research approach (quantitative and qualitative) and concurrent mixed methods research designs. The targeted population was journalists working in media houses that operate in print, broadcast, and digital news websites in Nairobi County. The targeted media houses were: Nation Media Group (NMG), Standard Group (SG), and Radio Africa Group (RAG). The sample size comprised 252 participants for quantitative data, nine key informants for in-depth interviews, and 84 articles for direct content analysis. Surveys and directed content analysis were used as strategies of inquiry. These strategies were aided by questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and code sheets as data generation tools. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM/SPSS) was used to analyse quantitative data. Quantitative data was presented using tables and pie charts. Qualitative data was thematically analysed and presented in the form of themes. Contrary to popular belief, the findings show that discussions in news website comment sections are frequently marred by incivility. Instead, most of the comments were deliberative, with audience members just looking for a forum to express themselves civilly. However, in cases with reported incidences of incivility, the sources quoted were the main trigger. Journalists have been shown to use user input in the comment section to gauge the quality of their content, while media companies use audience knowledge to make strategic decisions. The results shed light on how newsrooms may give the public a platform to discuss and give their input on the news while maintaining deliberative debates.
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References
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32. Hermida, A., & Thurman, N. (2007). Comments please: How the British news media are struggling with user-generated content. Paper presented at the 8th international symposium on online journalism.
33. Hermida, A., & Thurman, N. (2008). A clash of cultures: Integrating user-generated content within professional journalistic frameworks at British newspaper websites. Journalism Practice, 2(3), 343-356.
34. Hille, S., & Bakker, P. (2014). Engaging the social news user: Comments on news sites and Facebook. Journalism Practice, 8(5), 563-572.
35. Juarez Miro, C. (2020). The comment gap: Affective publics and gatekeeping in The New York Times' comment sections. Journalism, 1464884920933754.
36. Korea Press Foundation (2018) Media Audience 2018. Available at: http://www.kpf.or.kr/site/kpf/mediasta/selectReceiverCodingList.do?cbIdx=249
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38. Ksiazek, T. B. (2018). Commenting on the news: Explaining the degree and quality of user comments on news websites. Journalism Studies, 19(5), 650-673.
39. Ksiazek, T. B., Peer, L., & Zivic, A. (2015). Discussing the news: Civility and hostility in user comments. Digital Journalism, 3(6), 850-870.
40. Lee, C. S. (2019). Web series, YouTube, and politics: Affective and emotional dimensions of WIGS Lauren's user comments. Social Media+ Society, 5(1), 2056305118820766.
41. Lee, E. (2016). Despite flaws, comments are good for public discourse. The New York Times.
42. Lee, E.-J., & Tandoc Jr, E. C. (2017). When news meets the audience: How audience feedback online affects news production and consumption. Human Communication Research, 43(4), 436-449.
43. Lee, E.-J., Jang, Y. J., & Chung, M. (2021). When and How User Comments Affect News Readers' Personal Opinion: Perceived Public Opinion and Perceived News Position as Mediators. Digital Journalism, 9(1), 42-63.
44. Lee, E.-J., Kim, H. S., & Cho, J. (2017). How user comments affect news processing and reality perception: Activation and refutation of regional prejudice. Communication Monographs, 84(1), 75-93.
45. Liu, J., & McLeod, D. M. (2019). Pathways to news commenting and the removal of the comment system on news websites. Journalism, 1464884919849954.
46. Loosen, W., Häring, M., Kurtanović, Z., Merten, L., Reimer, J., van Roessel, L., & Maalej, W. (2018). Making sense of user comments: Identifying journalists' requirements for a comment analysis framework. SCM Studies in Communication and Media, 6(4), 333-364.
47. Media Council of Kenya. (2021). Active and Accredited Journalist. Retrieved from https://accreditation.mediacouncil.or.ke:882/active-journalists
48. Mihas, P., & Institute, O. (2019). Learn to Build a Codebook for a Generic Qualitative Study: SAGE Publications, Limited.
49. Milioni, D. L., Vadratsikas, K., & Papa, V. (2012). 'Their two cents worth': Exploring user agency in readers' comments in online news media. Observatorio (OBS*), 6(3).
50. Naab, T. K., Heinbach, D., Ziegele, M., & Grasberger, M.-T. (2020). Comments and credibility: How critical user comments decrease perceived news article credibility. Journalism Studies, 21(6), 783-801.
51. Nel, S. (2007). Online defamation: the problem of unmasking anonymous online critics. The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, 193-214.
52. Netzer, Y., Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K., & Shifman, L. (2014). The construction of participation in news websites: A five-dimensional model. Journalism Studies, 15(5), 619-631.
53. Paulussen, S., & Ugille, P. (2008). User generated content in the newsroom: Professional and organisational constraints on participatory journalism. Westminster papers in communication & culture, 5(2).
54. Reich, Z. (2011). User comments. Participatory journalism: Guarding open gates at online newspapers, 96-117.
55. Shoemaker, P. J., & Vos, T. (2009). Gatekeeping theory: Routledge.
56. Springer, N, Engelmann, I, Pfaffinger, C (2015) User comments: motives and inhibitors to write and read. Information Communication and Society 18(7): 798–815. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2014.997268.
57. Stroud, NJ, Van Duyn, E, Peacock, C (2016) Engaging News Project News Commenters and News Comment Readers. Available at: https://mediaengagement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ENP-News-Commenters-and-Comment-Readers1.pdf
58. Tandoc Jr, E. C., & Thomas, R. J. (2015). The ethics of web analytics: Implications of using audience metrics in news construction. Digital Journalism, 3(2), 243-258.
59. Teresa K. Naab, Dominique Heinbach, Marc Ziegele & Marie-Theres Grasberger (2020): Comments and Credibility: How Critical User Comments Decrease Perceived News Article Credibility, Journalism Studies, DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2020.1724181
60. Thurman, N. (2008). Forums for citizen journalists? Adoption of user generated content initiatives by online news media. New media & society, 10(1), 139-157.
61. Tong, J. (2015). Chinese journalists' views of user-generated content producers and journalism: a case study of the boundary work of journalism. Asian Journal of Communication, 25(6), 600-616.
62. Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & health sciences, 15(3), 398-405.
63. Wang, S. (2020). The Influence of Anonymity and Incivility on Perceptions of User Comments on News Websites. Mass Communication and Society, 23(6), 912-936.
64. Wang, S. (2021). Moderating Uncivil User Comments by Humans or Machines? The Effects of Moderation Agent on Perceptions of Bias and Credibility in News Content. Digital Journalism, 9(1), 64-83.
65. Ziegele, M., Breiner, T., & Quiring, O. (2014). What creates interactivity in online news discussions? An exploratory analysis of discussion factors in user comments on news items. Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1111-1138.
66. Ziegele, M., Quiring, O., Esau, K., & Friess, D. (2020). Linking news value theory with online deliberation: How news factors and illustration factors in news articles affect the deliberative quality of user discussions in SNS'comment sections. Communication Research, 47(6), 860-890.
67. Ziegele, M., Weber, M., Quiring, O., & Breiner, T. (2018). The dynamics of online news discussions: Effects of news articles and reader comments on users' involvement, willingness to participate, and the civility of their contributions. Information, Communication & Society, 21(10), 1419–1435. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1324505
2. Adornato, A. C. (2016). Forces at the gate: Social media's influence on editorial and production decisions in local television newsrooms. Electronic News, 10(2), 87-104.
3. Akhtar, D. M. I. (2016). Research design. Research Design (February 1, 2016).
4. Al Jazeera. (2017). Why We Are Disbaling Comments On Aljazeera.com. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@AJEnglish/why-were-disabling-comments-on-aljazeera-com-a9ffbac61f10
5. Assmann, K., & Diakopoulos, N. (2017). Negotiating change: Audience engagement editors as newsroom intermediaries. Paper presented at the International symposium on online journalism (ISOJ).
6. Babbie, E. R. (2016). The practice of social research (4th ed). Cengage Learning.
7. Barnes, R (2015) Understanding the affective investment produced through commenting on Australian alternative journalism website New Matilda. New Media and Society 17(5): 810–826. DOI: 10.1177/1461444813511039.
8. Baruch, Y., & Holtom, B. C. (2008). Survey response rate levels and trends in organisational research. Human relations, 61(8), 1139-1160.
9. Barzilai‐Nahon, K. (2008). Toward a theory of network gatekeeping: A framework for exploring information control. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(9), 1493-1512.
10. Beckert, J., & Ziegele, M. (2020). The Effects of Personality Traits and Situational Factors on the Deliberativeness and Civility of User Comments on News Websites. International Journal of Communication, 14, 22.
11. Ben-David, A., & Soffer, O. (2019). User comments across platforms and journalistic genres. Information, Communication & Society, 22(12), 1810-1829.
12. Berger, A. A. (2016). Media and communication research methods: An introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches (Fourth Edition). SAGE.
13. Cherubini, F., & Nielsen, R. K. (2016). Editorial analytics: How news media are developing and using audience data and metrics. Available at SSRN 2739328.
14. Cheruiyot, D. (2017). Do bloggers who criticise the press ultimately matter?(Re) defining media accountability in the age of citizen participation. Comunicació: revista de recerca i d'anàlisi, 107-121.
15. Cho, D., & Kwon, K. H. (2015). The impacts of identity verification and disclosure of social cues on flaming in online user comments. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 363-372.
16. Coe, K., Kenski, K., & Rains, S. A. (2014). Online and uncivil? Patterns and determinants of incivility in newspaper website comments. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 658-679.
17. Committee to Protect Journalism. (2020). Tanzanian court convicts Maxence Melo of obstructing investigation, levies fine [Press release]. Retrieved from https://cpj.org/2020/04/tanzanian-court-convicts-maxence-melo-of-obstructi/
18. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Mapping the field of mixed methods research. In: SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.
19. Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research: SAGE publications.
20. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed). SAGE Publications.
21. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed). SAGE Publications.
22. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches: Sage publications.
23. Daymon, C., & Holloway, I. (2010). Qualitative research methods in public relations and marketing communications: Routledge.
24. De-La-Pena-Sordo, J., Pastor-López, I., Ugarte-Pedrero, X., Santos, I., & Bringas, P. G. (2016). Anomaly-based user comments detection in social news websites using troll user comments as normality representation. Logic Journal of the IGPL, 24(6), 883-898.
25. Ermert, M. (2015, December 02). YouTube Blocking in Turkey, Another Violation of Fundamental Rights. https://policyreview.info/articles/news/youtube-blocking-turkey-another-violation-fundamental-rights/387
26. Ernst, J., Schmitt, J. B., Rieger, D., Beier, A. K., Vorderer, P., Bente, G., & Roth, H.-J. (2017). Hate beneath the counter speech? A qualitative content analysis of user comments on YouTube related to counter speech videos. Journal for Deradicalization(10), 1-49.
27. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4.
28. Goodman, E., & Cherubini, F. (2013). Online comment moderation: Emerging best practices; a guide to promoting robust and civil online conversation. Paper presented at the World Editors Forum.
29. Gross, D. (2014). Online comments are being phased out. CNN, November, 21.
30. Han, J., Lee, Y., Lee, J., & Cha, M. (2022). News comment sections and online echo chambers: The ideological alignment between partisan news stories and their user comments. Journalism. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211069241
31. Harrison, J. (2010). User-generated content and gatekeeping at the BBC hub. Journalism Studies, 11(2), 243-256.
32. Hermida, A., & Thurman, N. (2007). Comments please: How the British news media are struggling with user-generated content. Paper presented at the 8th international symposium on online journalism.
33. Hermida, A., & Thurman, N. (2008). A clash of cultures: Integrating user-generated content within professional journalistic frameworks at British newspaper websites. Journalism Practice, 2(3), 343-356.
34. Hille, S., & Bakker, P. (2014). Engaging the social news user: Comments on news sites and Facebook. Journalism Practice, 8(5), 563-572.
35. Juarez Miro, C. (2020). The comment gap: Affective publics and gatekeeping in The New York Times' comment sections. Journalism, 1464884920933754.
36. Korea Press Foundation (2018) Media Audience 2018. Available at: http://www.kpf.or.kr/site/kpf/mediasta/selectReceiverCodingList.do?cbIdx=249
37. Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30(3), 411-433.
38. Ksiazek, T. B. (2018). Commenting on the news: Explaining the degree and quality of user comments on news websites. Journalism Studies, 19(5), 650-673.
39. Ksiazek, T. B., Peer, L., & Zivic, A. (2015). Discussing the news: Civility and hostility in user comments. Digital Journalism, 3(6), 850-870.
40. Lee, C. S. (2019). Web series, YouTube, and politics: Affective and emotional dimensions of WIGS Lauren's user comments. Social Media+ Society, 5(1), 2056305118820766.
41. Lee, E. (2016). Despite flaws, comments are good for public discourse. The New York Times.
42. Lee, E.-J., & Tandoc Jr, E. C. (2017). When news meets the audience: How audience feedback online affects news production and consumption. Human Communication Research, 43(4), 436-449.
43. Lee, E.-J., Jang, Y. J., & Chung, M. (2021). When and How User Comments Affect News Readers' Personal Opinion: Perceived Public Opinion and Perceived News Position as Mediators. Digital Journalism, 9(1), 42-63.
44. Lee, E.-J., Kim, H. S., & Cho, J. (2017). How user comments affect news processing and reality perception: Activation and refutation of regional prejudice. Communication Monographs, 84(1), 75-93.
45. Liu, J., & McLeod, D. M. (2019). Pathways to news commenting and the removal of the comment system on news websites. Journalism, 1464884919849954.
46. Loosen, W., Häring, M., Kurtanović, Z., Merten, L., Reimer, J., van Roessel, L., & Maalej, W. (2018). Making sense of user comments: Identifying journalists' requirements for a comment analysis framework. SCM Studies in Communication and Media, 6(4), 333-364.
47. Media Council of Kenya. (2021). Active and Accredited Journalist. Retrieved from https://accreditation.mediacouncil.or.ke:882/active-journalists
48. Mihas, P., & Institute, O. (2019). Learn to Build a Codebook for a Generic Qualitative Study: SAGE Publications, Limited.
49. Milioni, D. L., Vadratsikas, K., & Papa, V. (2012). 'Their two cents worth': Exploring user agency in readers' comments in online news media. Observatorio (OBS*), 6(3).
50. Naab, T. K., Heinbach, D., Ziegele, M., & Grasberger, M.-T. (2020). Comments and credibility: How critical user comments decrease perceived news article credibility. Journalism Studies, 21(6), 783-801.
51. Nel, S. (2007). Online defamation: the problem of unmasking anonymous online critics. The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, 193-214.
52. Netzer, Y., Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K., & Shifman, L. (2014). The construction of participation in news websites: A five-dimensional model. Journalism Studies, 15(5), 619-631.
53. Paulussen, S., & Ugille, P. (2008). User generated content in the newsroom: Professional and organisational constraints on participatory journalism. Westminster papers in communication & culture, 5(2).
54. Reich, Z. (2011). User comments. Participatory journalism: Guarding open gates at online newspapers, 96-117.
55. Shoemaker, P. J., & Vos, T. (2009). Gatekeeping theory: Routledge.
56. Springer, N, Engelmann, I, Pfaffinger, C (2015) User comments: motives and inhibitors to write and read. Information Communication and Society 18(7): 798–815. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2014.997268.
57. Stroud, NJ, Van Duyn, E, Peacock, C (2016) Engaging News Project News Commenters and News Comment Readers. Available at: https://mediaengagement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ENP-News-Commenters-and-Comment-Readers1.pdf
58. Tandoc Jr, E. C., & Thomas, R. J. (2015). The ethics of web analytics: Implications of using audience metrics in news construction. Digital Journalism, 3(2), 243-258.
59. Teresa K. Naab, Dominique Heinbach, Marc Ziegele & Marie-Theres Grasberger (2020): Comments and Credibility: How Critical User Comments Decrease Perceived News Article Credibility, Journalism Studies, DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2020.1724181
60. Thurman, N. (2008). Forums for citizen journalists? Adoption of user generated content initiatives by online news media. New media & society, 10(1), 139-157.
61. Tong, J. (2015). Chinese journalists' views of user-generated content producers and journalism: a case study of the boundary work of journalism. Asian Journal of Communication, 25(6), 600-616.
62. Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & health sciences, 15(3), 398-405.
63. Wang, S. (2020). The Influence of Anonymity and Incivility on Perceptions of User Comments on News Websites. Mass Communication and Society, 23(6), 912-936.
64. Wang, S. (2021). Moderating Uncivil User Comments by Humans or Machines? The Effects of Moderation Agent on Perceptions of Bias and Credibility in News Content. Digital Journalism, 9(1), 64-83.
65. Ziegele, M., Breiner, T., & Quiring, O. (2014). What creates interactivity in online news discussions? An exploratory analysis of discussion factors in user comments on news items. Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1111-1138.
66. Ziegele, M., Quiring, O., Esau, K., & Friess, D. (2020). Linking news value theory with online deliberation: How news factors and illustration factors in news articles affect the deliberative quality of user discussions in SNS'comment sections. Communication Research, 47(6), 860-890.
67. Ziegele, M., Weber, M., Quiring, O., & Breiner, T. (2018). The dynamics of online news discussions: Effects of news articles and reader comments on users' involvement, willingness to participate, and the civility of their contributions. Information, Communication & Society, 21(10), 1419–1435. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1324505
Published
2023-06-30
How to Cite
Oywer, B. A., Booker, N., Owilla, H. H., & Kimweli, P. (2023). Online Audiences and Gatekeeping: User Comments and Their Influence on Editorial Processes in Newsrooms in Kenya. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 19(16), 105. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n16p105
Section
ESJ Social Sciences
Copyright (c) 2023 Beryl Anyango Oywer, Nancy Booker, Hesbon Hansen Owilla, Paul Kimweli
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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