Unveiling the Dynamics of Ethiopian Defence Diplomacy: A Focus on Peacekeeping Contributions
Keywords:
Ethiopia, Defence Diplomacy, Peacekeeping, ENDF, Horn of Africa
Abstract
This paper addresses Ethiopia’s defence diplomacy mainly through its participation in peace support operations. This qualitative research study aims to analyze and synthesize the findings from relevant literature reviews, with the objective of essentially to show to what extent Ethiopia has used peacekeeping participation as a tool of defence diplomacy in contributing to peace and security especially in the Horn of Africa region. The paper finds out Ethiopian defence diplomacy is an important tool for Ethiopia to achieve its foreign policy objectives globally, to promote regional stability and cooperation, in addition to as a means for seeking regional influence.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Metrics
Metrics Loading ...
References
1. Addis Standard. (2022). UN agrees to replace Ethiopian forces within UNISFA: Sudan. Online: https://addisstandard.com/news-un-agrees-to-replace-ethiopian-forces-within-unisfa-sudan/
2. Adebajo, Adekeye. (2003). In Search of Warlords: Hegemonic Peacekeeping in Liberia and Somalia. International Peacekeeping, 10:4, 63-64.
3. Akwei, Adotei and Southard, Nicole. (2016). Ethiopia: Leadership at the UNSC Requires Human Rights at Home. Online: https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/ethiopia-human-rights-leadership-at-the-un-security-council-requires-human-rights-at-home/#:~:text=On%20June%2029%2C%202016%20Ethiopia,out%20of%20195%20necessary%20votes.
4. Al Jazeera. (2007). Talk to Jazeera - Meles Zenawi - Part 1. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZh3ppcedBc
5. Ali, Abiy A. (2019). Medemer. Tsehay Publishers.
6. Aljazeera. (2016). Ethiopia attack: 200 people dead, 100 children missing. Online: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/ethiopia-attack-200-people-dead-100-children-missing-160418045025770.html
7. Aljazeera. (2016). Ethiopia reports deadly raid by gunmen from South Sudan. Online: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/ethiopia-reports-deadly-raid-gunmen-south-sudan-170315130515870.html
8. Asaminew, Wondimu. (2020). Beyond the Common Knowledge: Ethiopian Political Hopes and Challenges. [Amharic] (No publisher name)
9. ATMIS. (2023) ATMIS Background - African Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) Online: https://atmis-au.org/atmis-background/
10. Bamfo, Napoleon A. (2010). Ethiopia’s invasion of Somalia in 2006: Motives and lessons learned. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 4/2, 055-065.
11. Bellamy, Alex J. and Paul D. Williams. (2012). Broadening the Base of United Nations Troop- and Police-Contributing Countries. Providing for Peacekeeping. No. 1. International Peace Institute.
12. Berhe, Mulugeta G. (2016). Economic Integration as a Peacebuilding Strategy in the Horn of Africa with Particular Focus on Ethiopia and Its Four Neighbors. Journal of African-centered Solutions in Peace and Security Vol.1 (1).
13. Beyene, Abdeta D. and Mesfin, Seyoum (2018). The Practicalities of Living with Failed States. The American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 147 (1).
14. Biddle, Stephen. (2004). Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle. Princeton University Press.
15. Bond, H. (2013). Defence Diplomacy - What is it? Defence IQ.
16. Chatterjee, Aneek. (2010). International Relations Today: Concepts and Applications. Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd.
17. Cheyre, Juan E. (2013). Defence Diplomacy In Andrew F. Cooper and et al. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy. Oxford University Press.
18. Clapham, Christopher. (2017). The Horn of Africa: State Formation and Decay. Hurst.
19. Davison, William. (2016). In the Fastest-Growing African Economy, Government is the Fuel. Online: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-05/in-the-fastest-growing-african-economy-government-is-the-fuel
20. Dias, Alexandra (2013). “Introduction: Understanding Conflict and Processes of State Formation, reconfiguration and disintegration in the Horn of Africa”, In Alexander Magnolia Dias (ed). State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa. University Institute of Lisbon.
21. Drab, Lech. (2018). Defence diplomacy – an important tool for the implementation of foreign policy and security of the state. Security and Defence Quarterly, 20/3. 57.
22. Edmonds, M., and Mills, G. (1998). Beyond the horizon: Defence, diplomacy and South Africa's naval opportunities. South African Institute of International Affairs and the Centre for Defence and International Security Studies.
23. Ethiopian Government Communication Affairs (EGCA). (2012). Ethiopia and Peacekeeping. [Amharic]. Birihan Ena Selam Printing Press Enterprise.
24. FDRE Peace Support Training Center (FDRE-PSTC). (2015). Ethiopian Peacekeeping Deployments. Participation. Brana Publishing Co.
25. France24 (2016). Ethiopian troop withdrawal from Somalia exposes peacekeeping problems. Online: https://www.france24.com/en/20161215-ethiopian-troops-withdraw-highlighting-peacekeeping-internationally-funded-peacekeeping
26. Gaffey, Conor. (2017). Ethiopia and Eretria trade accusations over grand dam ‘attack’. Online: http://europe.newsweek.com/ethiopia-dam-nile-eritrea-562895?rm=eu
27. Garoweonline. (2023). Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya to dispatch additional troops to Somalia. Online: https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/djibouti-ethiopia-and-kenya-to-dispatch-additional-troops-to-somalia
28. Gebreyesus, Tedros A. (2015). Ethiopia’s Foreign Policy: Regional Integration and International Priorities. Online: https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/events/20151023-ethiopia-foreign-policy-regional-integration-international-policies-qa.pdf
29. George, Alexander L. (1998). The Role of Force in Diplomacy: The Continuing Dilemma for U.S. Foreign Policy. Talk at CSIS Security Strategy Symposium. Online: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/military/force/article.html
30. Global Center for Responsibility to Protect. (2015). The Kigali Principles on the Protection of Civilians. Online: http://s156658.gridserver.com/resources/985
31. Halliday, Fred. (1977). US Policy in the Horn of Africa: Aboulia or Proxy Intervention? Review of African Political Economy, No. 10, pp. 8-32
32. Horn Observer. (2020). FNP Statement on the presence of Non-AMISOM troops in Somalia. Online: https://hornobserver.com/articles/456/FNP-Statement-on-the-presence-of-Non-AMISOM-troops-in-Somalia
33. Johnson, C. (2012). Peacemaking and Peacekeeping: Reflections from Abyei. International Peacekeeping, 19/5. 640–654.
34. Le Gourielleck, Sonia. (2018). Regional power and contested hierarchies: Ethiopia an ‘imperfect hegemon’ in the Horn of Africa, International Affairs, 94 (5): 1059-1075.
35. Lynch, Colum and Gramer, Robbie. (2020). UN Fears Ethiopia May Be Purging Tigrayans from Peacekeeping Contingents. Online: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/23/un-ethiopia-purging-tigrayan-officers-peacekeeping-missions/
36. Maru, Mehari T. (2014). Ethiopia’s Regional Diplomacies: A Dominant Interpretation of the Horn of Africa. South African Foreign Policy and African Drivers Programme. South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), Policy Briefing 112.
37. Mays, Terry. (2009). The African Union’s African Mission in Somalia (AMISOM): Why did it Successfully Deploy following the failure of the IGAD Peace Support Mission to Somalia (IGASOM)? A Thesis Presented in Partial Completion of the Requirements of the Certificate-of-Training in United Nations Peace Support Operations. Peace Operation Training Institute.
38. McConnell, Tristan. (2011). UN clears Ethiopia for Abyei deployment.” Online: https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-06-28/un-clears-ethiopia-abyei-deployment
39. Michael, Woldemariam. (2018). “Regional Powers, Great Power Allies, and International Institutions: The Case of Ethiopia”, in Jason Warner and Timothy M. Shaw (eds) African Foreign Policies in international Institutions. Palgrave Macmillan.
40. Morabety, Ahmed El. (2017). Evolution of Moroccan defence diplomacy. Contemporary Arab Affairs Volume 10 (2), 241-255
41. Mulugeta Kidist (2014). “The Role of Regional Powers in the Field of Peace and Security: The Case of Ethiopia”, Horn of Africa Security Dialogue, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
42. Munro-Hay, Stuart. (1991). Aksumite Overseas Interests. Northeast African Studies, Vol. 13, No. 2/3. 127-140
43. Murithi, T. (2008). The African Union’s Evolving Role in Peace Operations: the African Union Mission in Burundi, the African Union Mission in Sudan and the African Union Mission in Somalia. African Security Review, 17 (1).
44. Muthanna, K. A. (2011). Military Diplomacy. Journal of Defence Studies. Vol. 5 (1).
45. Nelson Mandela Foundation. (2008). Passports tell a story. Online: https://www.nelsonmandela.org/news/entry/passports-tell-a-story
46. Nyamao, Edward. (2021). The Role of Defence Diplomacy in Enhancing Regional Stability in Africa: Case Study of Kenya Defence Forces. A Research Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Masters of Arts in International Studies. University of Nairobi.
47. Pajtinka, Erik. (2016) Military Diplomacy and Its Present Functions. Security Dimensions. No. 20. 179–194
48. Pankhurst, Richard. (1967). Menilek and the Utilisation of Foreign Skills in Ethiopia. Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1 pp. 29-86
49. Potgieter, T. (2002). The geopolitical role of the South African Navy in the South African sphere of influence after the Second World War. Strategic Review for Southern Africa, 24 (1).
50. Rwanda News Agency. (2010). After Ethiopia, Eritrea will also be honored for Rwanda Liberation. Online: http://rnanews.com/politics/3724-afer-ethiopia-eritrea-will-also-be-honored-for-rwanda-liberation
51. Sesay, Fatmata L. (2004). Conflict in Neighbouring (Developing) Countries: Direct and Indirect Effects on Economic Growth. Tiger Working Paper Series No. 68. Online: www.tiger.edu.pl/publikacje/TWPNo68.pdf
52. Shaban, Alfa. (2016). Ethiopia wins 'non-permanent' seat on UN Security Council. Online: https://www.africanews.com/2016/06/28/ethiopia-wins-non-permanent-seat-on-un-security-council//
53. Shaw, Carolyn M. and Ihonvber, Julius O. (1996). Hegemonic Participation in Peacekeeping Operations: The Case of Nigeria and ECOMOG. International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 13, No. 2. 31-66
54. Sigatu, Kaleab T. (2022) From Security Provider to a Security Risk? The Abrupt Withdrawal of Ethiopia’s a Decade-Long Peacekeeping Mission in UNISFA. Military Science Review. Vol. 15 No. 4
55. Sigatu, Kaleab T. (2021). Military Power as Foreign Policy Instrument: Post-1991 Ethiopian Peace Support Operations in the Horn of Africa. PhD Dissertation in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Military Sciences. University of Public Service, Budapest. Online: https://hdi.uni-nke.hu/document/hdi-uni-nke-hu/Kaleab%20Sigatu%20PhD%20Dissertation%20May%2026%202021%20(3).pdf
56. Singh, J. (2021). Military Diplomacy: An Appraisal in the Indian Context. CLAWS Journal, 14(2), 108-124.
57. Solomon, H. (2015). African Solutions to Africa’s Problems? African Approaches to Peace, Security and Stability. Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 43, No. 1, 45–76.
58. Storey, Ian. (2012). China's Bilateral Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia. Asian Security, 8:3, 287-310.
59. Stueck, William. (1995). The Korean War: An International History. Princeton University Press.
60. Tan, See S. (2016). Military Diplomacy. In Costas M. Constantinou, Pauline Kerr and Paul Sharp (Eds.) The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy. SAGE Publications Ltd.
61. Techane, Gesit. (2006). The Former Army: 1935-1991 [Amharic] Z. A Publishing.
62. Tedla, Addis. (2022). A journey of life accompanied by Incidents. [Amharic] (No publisher name)
63. The New York Times. (1991). Ex-Ethiopia Chief Reaches Zimbabwe. Online: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/23/world/ex-ethiopia-chief-reaches-zimbabwe.html
64. Unfried, Berthold. (2016) Friendship and Education, Coffee and Weapons: Exchanges between Socialist Ethiopia and the German Democratic Republic. Northeast African Studies Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 15-38
65. United Nations Security Council. (2007). Security Council Authorizes deployment of United Nations African Union ‘Hybrid’ peace operation in Bid to resolve Darfur Conflict”. Press Release, SC/9089. Online: http://www.un.org/press/en/2007/sc9089.doc.htm
66. United Nations Security Council. (1950). Resolution 84, Document No. S/1588.
67. United Nations. (2020). Troop and Police Contribution. Online: https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/3_country_and_mission_16.pdf
68. United Nations. (2016). UNISFA – Background. Online: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unisfa/background.shtml
69. United Nations. (2019). How we are Funded. Online: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/how-we-are-funded
70. UNMISS. (2023). UNMISS Fact Sheet. Online: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/unmiss
71. US Department of State. (2022). 2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ethiopia. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/ethiopia
72. US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. (2021). Chairman Menendez Calls on UN to Prohibit Ethiopian Troops in Tigray from Serving as Peacekeepers. U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Online: www.foreign.senate.gov/ press/dem/release/chairman-menendez-calls-on-un-to-prohibit-ethiopian-troops-in-tigray-from-serving-as-peacekeepers
73. Venkataram, Krishnamurthy. (1973). Foreign Policy of Theodore II of Ethiopia: an Interpretation. Transafrican Journal of History, Vol. 3, No. 1/2. pp. 129-145
74. Vidija, Patrick. (2019). Ethio-Kenya Ties, Taming al Shabaab: Lessons from Ethiopia. Online: https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/big-read/2019-12-09-taming-al-shabaab-lessons-from-ethiopia/
75. Williams, Paul D. (2018). Fighting for Peace in Somalia: A History and Analysis of the African Union Mission (AMISOM), 2007-2017. Oxford University Press.
76. Winger, Gregory. (2014). The Velvet Gauntlet: A Theory of Defence Diplomacy. In A. Lisiak and N. Smolenski, (ed.) What Do Ideas Do? IWM Junior Visiting Fellows’ Conferences. Vol. 33. Online: https://www.iwm.at/publications/5-junior-visiting-fellows-conferences/the-velvet-gauntlet/
77. Yeshumnesh, Hussain A. (2017) Aloe and Honey. (No publisher).
78. Yihdego, Zeray W. (2007). Ethiopia's Military Action against the Union of Islamic Courts and Others in Somalia: Some Legal Implications. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 3.
79. Yihun, Belete B. (2014). Black Ethiopia: A Glimpse into African Diplomacy, 1956-1991. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors.
80. Zewde, Bahru. (2002). A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855-1991. Second Edition. Ababa University Press.
81. WoldeTinsai, Abebe. (2008). Haile Selassie I and the Army. (No publisher name)
2. Adebajo, Adekeye. (2003). In Search of Warlords: Hegemonic Peacekeeping in Liberia and Somalia. International Peacekeeping, 10:4, 63-64.
3. Akwei, Adotei and Southard, Nicole. (2016). Ethiopia: Leadership at the UNSC Requires Human Rights at Home. Online: https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/ethiopia-human-rights-leadership-at-the-un-security-council-requires-human-rights-at-home/#:~:text=On%20June%2029%2C%202016%20Ethiopia,out%20of%20195%20necessary%20votes.
4. Al Jazeera. (2007). Talk to Jazeera - Meles Zenawi - Part 1. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZh3ppcedBc
5. Ali, Abiy A. (2019). Medemer. Tsehay Publishers.
6. Aljazeera. (2016). Ethiopia attack: 200 people dead, 100 children missing. Online: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/ethiopia-attack-200-people-dead-100-children-missing-160418045025770.html
7. Aljazeera. (2016). Ethiopia reports deadly raid by gunmen from South Sudan. Online: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/ethiopia-reports-deadly-raid-gunmen-south-sudan-170315130515870.html
8. Asaminew, Wondimu. (2020). Beyond the Common Knowledge: Ethiopian Political Hopes and Challenges. [Amharic] (No publisher name)
9. ATMIS. (2023) ATMIS Background - African Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) Online: https://atmis-au.org/atmis-background/
10. Bamfo, Napoleon A. (2010). Ethiopia’s invasion of Somalia in 2006: Motives and lessons learned. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 4/2, 055-065.
11. Bellamy, Alex J. and Paul D. Williams. (2012). Broadening the Base of United Nations Troop- and Police-Contributing Countries. Providing for Peacekeeping. No. 1. International Peace Institute.
12. Berhe, Mulugeta G. (2016). Economic Integration as a Peacebuilding Strategy in the Horn of Africa with Particular Focus on Ethiopia and Its Four Neighbors. Journal of African-centered Solutions in Peace and Security Vol.1 (1).
13. Beyene, Abdeta D. and Mesfin, Seyoum (2018). The Practicalities of Living with Failed States. The American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 147 (1).
14. Biddle, Stephen. (2004). Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle. Princeton University Press.
15. Bond, H. (2013). Defence Diplomacy - What is it? Defence IQ.
16. Chatterjee, Aneek. (2010). International Relations Today: Concepts and Applications. Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd.
17. Cheyre, Juan E. (2013). Defence Diplomacy In Andrew F. Cooper and et al. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy. Oxford University Press.
18. Clapham, Christopher. (2017). The Horn of Africa: State Formation and Decay. Hurst.
19. Davison, William. (2016). In the Fastest-Growing African Economy, Government is the Fuel. Online: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-05/in-the-fastest-growing-african-economy-government-is-the-fuel
20. Dias, Alexandra (2013). “Introduction: Understanding Conflict and Processes of State Formation, reconfiguration and disintegration in the Horn of Africa”, In Alexander Magnolia Dias (ed). State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa. University Institute of Lisbon.
21. Drab, Lech. (2018). Defence diplomacy – an important tool for the implementation of foreign policy and security of the state. Security and Defence Quarterly, 20/3. 57.
22. Edmonds, M., and Mills, G. (1998). Beyond the horizon: Defence, diplomacy and South Africa's naval opportunities. South African Institute of International Affairs and the Centre for Defence and International Security Studies.
23. Ethiopian Government Communication Affairs (EGCA). (2012). Ethiopia and Peacekeeping. [Amharic]. Birihan Ena Selam Printing Press Enterprise.
24. FDRE Peace Support Training Center (FDRE-PSTC). (2015). Ethiopian Peacekeeping Deployments. Participation. Brana Publishing Co.
25. France24 (2016). Ethiopian troop withdrawal from Somalia exposes peacekeeping problems. Online: https://www.france24.com/en/20161215-ethiopian-troops-withdraw-highlighting-peacekeeping-internationally-funded-peacekeeping
26. Gaffey, Conor. (2017). Ethiopia and Eretria trade accusations over grand dam ‘attack’. Online: http://europe.newsweek.com/ethiopia-dam-nile-eritrea-562895?rm=eu
27. Garoweonline. (2023). Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya to dispatch additional troops to Somalia. Online: https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/djibouti-ethiopia-and-kenya-to-dispatch-additional-troops-to-somalia
28. Gebreyesus, Tedros A. (2015). Ethiopia’s Foreign Policy: Regional Integration and International Priorities. Online: https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/events/20151023-ethiopia-foreign-policy-regional-integration-international-policies-qa.pdf
29. George, Alexander L. (1998). The Role of Force in Diplomacy: The Continuing Dilemma for U.S. Foreign Policy. Talk at CSIS Security Strategy Symposium. Online: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/military/force/article.html
30. Global Center for Responsibility to Protect. (2015). The Kigali Principles on the Protection of Civilians. Online: http://s156658.gridserver.com/resources/985
31. Halliday, Fred. (1977). US Policy in the Horn of Africa: Aboulia or Proxy Intervention? Review of African Political Economy, No. 10, pp. 8-32
32. Horn Observer. (2020). FNP Statement on the presence of Non-AMISOM troops in Somalia. Online: https://hornobserver.com/articles/456/FNP-Statement-on-the-presence-of-Non-AMISOM-troops-in-Somalia
33. Johnson, C. (2012). Peacemaking and Peacekeeping: Reflections from Abyei. International Peacekeeping, 19/5. 640–654.
34. Le Gourielleck, Sonia. (2018). Regional power and contested hierarchies: Ethiopia an ‘imperfect hegemon’ in the Horn of Africa, International Affairs, 94 (5): 1059-1075.
35. Lynch, Colum and Gramer, Robbie. (2020). UN Fears Ethiopia May Be Purging Tigrayans from Peacekeeping Contingents. Online: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/23/un-ethiopia-purging-tigrayan-officers-peacekeeping-missions/
36. Maru, Mehari T. (2014). Ethiopia’s Regional Diplomacies: A Dominant Interpretation of the Horn of Africa. South African Foreign Policy and African Drivers Programme. South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), Policy Briefing 112.
37. Mays, Terry. (2009). The African Union’s African Mission in Somalia (AMISOM): Why did it Successfully Deploy following the failure of the IGAD Peace Support Mission to Somalia (IGASOM)? A Thesis Presented in Partial Completion of the Requirements of the Certificate-of-Training in United Nations Peace Support Operations. Peace Operation Training Institute.
38. McConnell, Tristan. (2011). UN clears Ethiopia for Abyei deployment.” Online: https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-06-28/un-clears-ethiopia-abyei-deployment
39. Michael, Woldemariam. (2018). “Regional Powers, Great Power Allies, and International Institutions: The Case of Ethiopia”, in Jason Warner and Timothy M. Shaw (eds) African Foreign Policies in international Institutions. Palgrave Macmillan.
40. Morabety, Ahmed El. (2017). Evolution of Moroccan defence diplomacy. Contemporary Arab Affairs Volume 10 (2), 241-255
41. Mulugeta Kidist (2014). “The Role of Regional Powers in the Field of Peace and Security: The Case of Ethiopia”, Horn of Africa Security Dialogue, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
42. Munro-Hay, Stuart. (1991). Aksumite Overseas Interests. Northeast African Studies, Vol. 13, No. 2/3. 127-140
43. Murithi, T. (2008). The African Union’s Evolving Role in Peace Operations: the African Union Mission in Burundi, the African Union Mission in Sudan and the African Union Mission in Somalia. African Security Review, 17 (1).
44. Muthanna, K. A. (2011). Military Diplomacy. Journal of Defence Studies. Vol. 5 (1).
45. Nelson Mandela Foundation. (2008). Passports tell a story. Online: https://www.nelsonmandela.org/news/entry/passports-tell-a-story
46. Nyamao, Edward. (2021). The Role of Defence Diplomacy in Enhancing Regional Stability in Africa: Case Study of Kenya Defence Forces. A Research Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Masters of Arts in International Studies. University of Nairobi.
47. Pajtinka, Erik. (2016) Military Diplomacy and Its Present Functions. Security Dimensions. No. 20. 179–194
48. Pankhurst, Richard. (1967). Menilek and the Utilisation of Foreign Skills in Ethiopia. Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1 pp. 29-86
49. Potgieter, T. (2002). The geopolitical role of the South African Navy in the South African sphere of influence after the Second World War. Strategic Review for Southern Africa, 24 (1).
50. Rwanda News Agency. (2010). After Ethiopia, Eritrea will also be honored for Rwanda Liberation. Online: http://rnanews.com/politics/3724-afer-ethiopia-eritrea-will-also-be-honored-for-rwanda-liberation
51. Sesay, Fatmata L. (2004). Conflict in Neighbouring (Developing) Countries: Direct and Indirect Effects on Economic Growth. Tiger Working Paper Series No. 68. Online: www.tiger.edu.pl/publikacje/TWPNo68.pdf
52. Shaban, Alfa. (2016). Ethiopia wins 'non-permanent' seat on UN Security Council. Online: https://www.africanews.com/2016/06/28/ethiopia-wins-non-permanent-seat-on-un-security-council//
53. Shaw, Carolyn M. and Ihonvber, Julius O. (1996). Hegemonic Participation in Peacekeeping Operations: The Case of Nigeria and ECOMOG. International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 13, No. 2. 31-66
54. Sigatu, Kaleab T. (2022) From Security Provider to a Security Risk? The Abrupt Withdrawal of Ethiopia’s a Decade-Long Peacekeeping Mission in UNISFA. Military Science Review. Vol. 15 No. 4
55. Sigatu, Kaleab T. (2021). Military Power as Foreign Policy Instrument: Post-1991 Ethiopian Peace Support Operations in the Horn of Africa. PhD Dissertation in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Military Sciences. University of Public Service, Budapest. Online: https://hdi.uni-nke.hu/document/hdi-uni-nke-hu/Kaleab%20Sigatu%20PhD%20Dissertation%20May%2026%202021%20(3).pdf
56. Singh, J. (2021). Military Diplomacy: An Appraisal in the Indian Context. CLAWS Journal, 14(2), 108-124.
57. Solomon, H. (2015). African Solutions to Africa’s Problems? African Approaches to Peace, Security and Stability. Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 43, No. 1, 45–76.
58. Storey, Ian. (2012). China's Bilateral Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia. Asian Security, 8:3, 287-310.
59. Stueck, William. (1995). The Korean War: An International History. Princeton University Press.
60. Tan, See S. (2016). Military Diplomacy. In Costas M. Constantinou, Pauline Kerr and Paul Sharp (Eds.) The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy. SAGE Publications Ltd.
61. Techane, Gesit. (2006). The Former Army: 1935-1991 [Amharic] Z. A Publishing.
62. Tedla, Addis. (2022). A journey of life accompanied by Incidents. [Amharic] (No publisher name)
63. The New York Times. (1991). Ex-Ethiopia Chief Reaches Zimbabwe. Online: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/23/world/ex-ethiopia-chief-reaches-zimbabwe.html
64. Unfried, Berthold. (2016) Friendship and Education, Coffee and Weapons: Exchanges between Socialist Ethiopia and the German Democratic Republic. Northeast African Studies Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 15-38
65. United Nations Security Council. (2007). Security Council Authorizes deployment of United Nations African Union ‘Hybrid’ peace operation in Bid to resolve Darfur Conflict”. Press Release, SC/9089. Online: http://www.un.org/press/en/2007/sc9089.doc.htm
66. United Nations Security Council. (1950). Resolution 84, Document No. S/1588.
67. United Nations. (2020). Troop and Police Contribution. Online: https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/3_country_and_mission_16.pdf
68. United Nations. (2016). UNISFA – Background. Online: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unisfa/background.shtml
69. United Nations. (2019). How we are Funded. Online: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/how-we-are-funded
70. UNMISS. (2023). UNMISS Fact Sheet. Online: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/unmiss
71. US Department of State. (2022). 2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ethiopia. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/ethiopia
72. US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. (2021). Chairman Menendez Calls on UN to Prohibit Ethiopian Troops in Tigray from Serving as Peacekeepers. U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Online: www.foreign.senate.gov/ press/dem/release/chairman-menendez-calls-on-un-to-prohibit-ethiopian-troops-in-tigray-from-serving-as-peacekeepers
73. Venkataram, Krishnamurthy. (1973). Foreign Policy of Theodore II of Ethiopia: an Interpretation. Transafrican Journal of History, Vol. 3, No. 1/2. pp. 129-145
74. Vidija, Patrick. (2019). Ethio-Kenya Ties, Taming al Shabaab: Lessons from Ethiopia. Online: https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/big-read/2019-12-09-taming-al-shabaab-lessons-from-ethiopia/
75. Williams, Paul D. (2018). Fighting for Peace in Somalia: A History and Analysis of the African Union Mission (AMISOM), 2007-2017. Oxford University Press.
76. Winger, Gregory. (2014). The Velvet Gauntlet: A Theory of Defence Diplomacy. In A. Lisiak and N. Smolenski, (ed.) What Do Ideas Do? IWM Junior Visiting Fellows’ Conferences. Vol. 33. Online: https://www.iwm.at/publications/5-junior-visiting-fellows-conferences/the-velvet-gauntlet/
77. Yeshumnesh, Hussain A. (2017) Aloe and Honey. (No publisher).
78. Yihdego, Zeray W. (2007). Ethiopia's Military Action against the Union of Islamic Courts and Others in Somalia: Some Legal Implications. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 3.
79. Yihun, Belete B. (2014). Black Ethiopia: A Glimpse into African Diplomacy, 1956-1991. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors.
80. Zewde, Bahru. (2002). A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855-1991. Second Edition. Ababa University Press.
81. WoldeTinsai, Abebe. (2008). Haile Selassie I and the Army. (No publisher name)
Published
2023-07-29
How to Cite
Sigatu, K. T. (2023). Unveiling the Dynamics of Ethiopian Defence Diplomacy: A Focus on Peacekeeping Contributions. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 19, 622. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/17017
Section
ESI Preprints
Copyright (c) 2023 Kaleab Tadesse Sigatu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
.jpg)
