Henrik Ibsen’s The Wild Duck: A Research-Based Study of the Psychosocial Risk Factors of Hedvig’s Suicide
Keywords:
Suicide, adolescent, sacrifice, neglect, conflict, family
Abstract
Adolescent suicide, an issue raised in literature, represents a key moment in Henrik Ibsen’s play, The Wild Duck. Even though the literature available on the play refers to the suicidal act performed by Hedvig by accusing either mysterious fate or particular characters of driving the girl to her doom, the interpretations are apparently few and far between and do not provide analysis of the reasons behind the suicide in one detailed research. This paper, thus, provides a comprehensive study of these factors, using a qualitative analysis of the play that relies on study results gleaned from both sociological and psychological researches examining the risk factors that aggravate the probability of suicide in adolescents. Based on this approach, the paper reveals the role of family conflicts, neglect, personal susceptibility in adolescence, isolation, impaired schooling, economic hardship, and inclination towards self-sacrifice for the sake of the family, in causing the adolescent girl’s death by suicide in the closing scene of the play. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to a deeper understanding of suicide in literary works. The implications of the study extend beyond the realm of literature, giving more insight into the driving forces behind suicide in adolescents, in the hope that intervention methods may alleviate such factors.
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References
1. Ibsen, H. (1962). The Wild Duck. In O. Reinert (Ed. & Trans.). Modern Drama: Nine Plays (pp. 1-83). Little, Brown and Company. (Original published 1884).
2. Aarseth, A. (2005). Ibsen and Darwin: A reading of The wild duck. Modern Drama. 48(1). 1-10. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/182712
3. Bigfoot, D. S. (2014). Native American youth face an increased risk of suicide. In C. Watkins (Ed.), Teen suicide. (pp. 40-45). Greenhaven Press. https://archive.org/details/teensuicide0000unse_w9v2
4. Braga, W. d. C. (1989). Youth suicide risk assessment: Process and model. In B. Garfinkel & G. Northrup (Eds.), Adolescent suicide: Recognition, treatment and prevention (pp. 1-21). The Howarth Press. https://archive.org/details/adolescentsuicid0000unse_v3r8/page/40/mode/2up
5. Carr, A. (2002). Depression and attempted suicide in adolescence. (M. Herbert, Ed.). BPS Blackwell.
6. Clurman, H. (1977). Ibsen. The Macmillan Press. https://archive.org/details/ibsen0000clur/page/126/mode/2up
7. Diamond, G. S., Wintersteen, M. B., Brown, G. K., Diamond, G. M., Gallop, R., Shelef, K., & Levy, S. (2010). Attachment-based family therapy for adolescents with suicidal ideation: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 49(2). 122-131. http://jdc.jefferson.edu/phbfp/8
8. Durbach, E. (2009). Ibsen’s evangelical detective: Evidence and proof in The wild duck. Scandinavian-Canadian Studies. 18. 44-54 https://core.ac.uk/works/143238138
9. Finch, S. M., & Poznanski, E. O. (1971). Adolescent suicide. Charles C. Thomas Publisher. https://archive.org/details/adolescentsuicid0000finc/page/n5/mode/2up
10. Finney, G. (1994). Ibsen and feminism. In J. McFarlane (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Henrik Ibsen (pp. 89-105). Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_e1q1/page/n7/mode/2up
11. Forshey, C. K. (2008). Ibsen’s female characters in captivity: An exploration of literature and performance. [ Master’s thesis, Liberty University]. https://core.ac.uk/works/33148058
12. [From a pseudonymous notice by ‘Mordred’, referee]. (1905, October 22). In M. Egan (Ed.). (2003). Henrik Ibsen: The critical heritage (pp. 429-432). Routledge. https://www.pdfdrive.com/henrik-ibsen-critical-heritage-series-e159043074.html
13. [From unsigned theatre comment, Referee]. (1905, October 29). In M. Egan (Ed.). (2003). Henrik Ibsen: The critical heritage (pp. 432-444). Routledge. https://www.pdfdrive.com/henrik-ibsen-critical-heritage-series-e159043074.html
14. Fulsas, N., & Rem, T. (2018). Ibsen, Scandinavia and the making of a world drama. Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=i_o6DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ibsen,+Scandinavia+and+the+Making+of+a+World+Drama&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Ibsen%2C%20Scandinavia%20and%20the%20Making%20of%20a%20World%20Drama&f=false
15. Goldman, M. (1999). Eyolf’s eyes: Ibsen and the cultural meanings of child abuse. In H. Bloom, (Ed.). Henrik Ibsen: Modern critical views (pp. 197-218). Chelsea House Publishers. [Reprinted from “Eyolf’s eyes: Ibsen and the cultural meanings of child abuse, 1994, American Imago, 51(3), 279-306]. https://archive.org/details/henrikibsenmcvbl00haro
16. Gosse, E. (2003). Ibsen’s social dramas. In M. Egan (Ed.). Henrik Ibsen: The critical heritage (pp. 77-94). Routledge. [Reprinted from “Ibsen’s social dramas”, 1889, Fortnightly Review, 14, 107–21]. https://www.pdfdrive.com/henrik-ibsen-critical-heritage-series-e159043074.html
17. Gould, M. S., Shaffer, D., & Greenberg, T. (2003). The Epidemiology of Youth Suicide. In R. A. King & A. Apter. (Eds.). Suicide in Children and Adolescents (pp. 1-40). https://archive.org/details/suicideinchildre0000unse_m8x9/page/40/mode/2up
18. Haddad, K., Lindquist-Grantz, R., Vilvens, H., Boards, A., Jacquez, F., & Vaughn, L. (2020). Empowering youth to build BRIDGES: Youth leadership in suicide prevention. Collaborations: A Journal of Community-Based Research and Practice, 3(1), 1–10. Empowering Youth to Build BRIDGES: Youth Leadership in Suicide Prevention - Collaborations: A Journal of Community-Based Research and Practice (miami.edu)
19. Harad, A. (2005). Ibsen’s themes and symbols. In C. B. Johnson (Ed.), Four great plays: A doll's house, the wild duck, hedda gabler, the master builder (pp. 410-412). Pocket Books. https://archive.org/details/fourgreatplays00ibse_0
20. Hawton, K. (1986). Suicide and attempted suicide among children and adolescents. Sage Publications. https://archive.org/details/suicideattempted0000hawt/page/n5/mode/2up
21. Hoberman, H. (1989). Completed suicide in children and adolescents: A review. In B. Garfinkel and G. Northrup (Eds.), Adolescent suicide: Recognition, treatment and prevention (pp. 60-88). The Howarth Press. https://archive.org/details/adolescentsuicid0000unse_v3r8/page/40/mode/2up
22. Johnson, P. B., & Malow-Iroff, M. S. (2008). Adolescents and risk: Making sense of adolescent psychology. https://archive.org/details/adolescentsriskm0000john_z8o0/page/n9/mode/2up
23. Johnston, D. (2021). Ibsen's phenomenology of kindness: Self and Other in The wild duck. Performance Paradigm. 16. 132-147. http://www.performanceparadigm.net/index.php/journal/article/view/244
24. Jones, H. A. (2003). The unfortunate depravity but enlivening influence of Ibsen. In M. Egan (Ed.), Henrik Ibsen: The critical heritage (pp. 233-234). Routledge. (Reprinted from “The unfortunate depravity but enlivening influence of Ibsen”, 1891, Era). https://www.pdfdrive.com/henrik-ibsen-critical-heritage-series-e159043074.html
25. Jurich, A. P. (2008). Family therapy with suicidal adolescents. Routledge. https://archive.org/details/familytherapywit0000juri/page/n7/mode/2up
26. Leehey, K. (1991). Teens at risk: How to recognize and prevent adolescent suicide. https://archive.org/details/teensatriskhowto00leeh/page/42/mode/2up
27. Macfall, H. (1907). Ibsen: The man, his art and his significance. Morgan Shepard Company. https://archive.org/details/ibsenmanhisartan00macfuoft/page/256/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater
28. McFarlane, J. W. (1971). Preface. In J. W. McFarlane (Ed. & Trans.), Ibsen: Plays; An enemy of the people, the wild duck, Rosmersholm (pp. ix-xxv). Oxford University Press. https://archive.org/details/ibsenplays00ibse/page/128/mode/2up
29. Meyer, M. (1980). Ibsen: A biographical approach. In E. Durbach (Ed.), Ibsen and the theatre: The dramatist in production (pp. 14-26). New York University Press. (Reprinted from Biography of Ibsen, by M. Meyer, 1967, Hart-Davis) https://archive.org/details/ibsentheatredram0000unse/page/26/mode/2up
30. Miller, D. N. (2011). Child and adolescent suicidal behavior: School-based prevention, assessment and intervention. The Guilford Press. https://archive.org/details/childadolescents0000mill
31. Moi, T. (2005). “It was as if he meant something different from what he said – all the time": Language, metaphysics, and the everyday in the wild duck. In C. B. Johnson (Ed.), Four great plays: A doll's house, the wild duck, hedda gabler, the master builder. (pp. 421-422). Pocket Books. (Reprinted from “It was as if he meant something different from what he said – all the time": Language, metaphysics, and the everyday in the wild duck, 2002, New Literary History: A Journal of Theory and Interpretation) https://archive.org/details/fourgreatplays00ibse_0
32. Mozic, J. (2019). Figurative transportations and the performativity of home: A dramaturgical study of the representations of home in the prose plays of Henrik Ibsen and their reverberations in the work of Mona Hatoum and Bobby Baker. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Roehampton]. https://core.ac.uk/works/18662532
33. Northam, J. (1999). The wild duck. In H. Bloom (Ed.), Henrik Ibsen: Modern critical views. (pp. 59-85). Chelsea House Publishers. (Reprinted from Ibsen: A critical study, by J. Northam, 1973, Cambridge University Press) https://archive.org/details/henrikibsenmcvbl00haro
34. Nurtanti, S., Handayani, S., Ratnasari, N. Y., Husna, P. H., & Susanto, T. (2020). Characteristics, causality, and suicidal behavior: A qualitative study of family members with suicide history in Wonogiri, Indonesia. Frontiers of Nursing. 2. 169-178. https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/fon-2020-0016
35. Otsuki, M., Kim, T, & Peterson, P. (2014). Teen suicide is a major health problem. In C. Watkins (Ed.), Teen Suicide. (p.p. 10-17). Greenhaven Press. https://archive.org/details/teensuicide0000unse_w9v2
36. Østerud, E. (1996). Henrik Ibsen’s theatre mask. Tableau, absorption and theatricality in the wild duck. Orbis Litterarum. 51(3). 148-177. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230547936_Henrik_Ibsen's_Theatre_Mask_Tableau_Absorption_and_Theatricality_in_The_Wild_Duck
37. Ribeiro, J. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2009). The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior: Current status and future directions. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 65(12). 1291-1299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19827114/
38. Santrock, J. W. (2001). Adolescence. McGraw-Hill. https://archive.org/details/adolescence00sant_0/page/n5/mode/2up
39. Shain, B. N. (2007). Suicide and suicide attempts in adolescents. Pediatrics. 120(3). 669–676. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1908
40. Shaw, G. B. (1891). The quintessence of Ibsenism. Walter Scott. https://archive.org/details/quintessenceofib00shawrich/page/98/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater
41. Slaby, A. E., & McGuire, P. L. (1989). Residential management of suicidal adolescents. In B. Garfinkel & G. Northrup (Eds.), Adolescent suicide: Recognition, treatment and prevention (pp. 23-43). The Howarth Press. https://archive.org/details/adolescentsuicid0000unse_v3r8/page/40/mode/2up
42. Smith, M. W. (2002). The wild duck: A play of a play. Modern Drama. 45(1). 9-22. https://www.academia.edu/20570378/The_Wild_Duck_A_Play_of_Play
43. Spirito, A., & Esposito-Smythers, C. (2005). Attempted and completed suicide in adolescence. Clinical Psychology. 2(237). 237-266. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095323
44. Sprinchorn, E. (1980). Ibsen and the actors. In E. Durbach (Ed.), Ibsen and the theatre: The dramatist in production (pp. 118-130). New York University Press. https://archive.org/details/ibsentheatredram0000unse/page/26/mode/2up
45. Viesland, J. (2005). The ethics of aesthetics: Decadence in Henrik Ibsen's the wild duck. Ibsen Studies. 5(1). 48-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15021860510032790
46. Wagner, B. M. (2009). Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. Yale University. https://archive.org/details/suicidalbehavior0000wagn/page/n5/mode/2up
2. Aarseth, A. (2005). Ibsen and Darwin: A reading of The wild duck. Modern Drama. 48(1). 1-10. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/182712
3. Bigfoot, D. S. (2014). Native American youth face an increased risk of suicide. In C. Watkins (Ed.), Teen suicide. (pp. 40-45). Greenhaven Press. https://archive.org/details/teensuicide0000unse_w9v2
4. Braga, W. d. C. (1989). Youth suicide risk assessment: Process and model. In B. Garfinkel & G. Northrup (Eds.), Adolescent suicide: Recognition, treatment and prevention (pp. 1-21). The Howarth Press. https://archive.org/details/adolescentsuicid0000unse_v3r8/page/40/mode/2up
5. Carr, A. (2002). Depression and attempted suicide in adolescence. (M. Herbert, Ed.). BPS Blackwell.
6. Clurman, H. (1977). Ibsen. The Macmillan Press. https://archive.org/details/ibsen0000clur/page/126/mode/2up
7. Diamond, G. S., Wintersteen, M. B., Brown, G. K., Diamond, G. M., Gallop, R., Shelef, K., & Levy, S. (2010). Attachment-based family therapy for adolescents with suicidal ideation: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 49(2). 122-131. http://jdc.jefferson.edu/phbfp/8
8. Durbach, E. (2009). Ibsen’s evangelical detective: Evidence and proof in The wild duck. Scandinavian-Canadian Studies. 18. 44-54 https://core.ac.uk/works/143238138
9. Finch, S. M., & Poznanski, E. O. (1971). Adolescent suicide. Charles C. Thomas Publisher. https://archive.org/details/adolescentsuicid0000finc/page/n5/mode/2up
10. Finney, G. (1994). Ibsen and feminism. In J. McFarlane (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Henrik Ibsen (pp. 89-105). Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_e1q1/page/n7/mode/2up
11. Forshey, C. K. (2008). Ibsen’s female characters in captivity: An exploration of literature and performance. [ Master’s thesis, Liberty University]. https://core.ac.uk/works/33148058
12. [From a pseudonymous notice by ‘Mordred’, referee]. (1905, October 22). In M. Egan (Ed.). (2003). Henrik Ibsen: The critical heritage (pp. 429-432). Routledge. https://www.pdfdrive.com/henrik-ibsen-critical-heritage-series-e159043074.html
13. [From unsigned theatre comment, Referee]. (1905, October 29). In M. Egan (Ed.). (2003). Henrik Ibsen: The critical heritage (pp. 432-444). Routledge. https://www.pdfdrive.com/henrik-ibsen-critical-heritage-series-e159043074.html
14. Fulsas, N., & Rem, T. (2018). Ibsen, Scandinavia and the making of a world drama. Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=i_o6DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ibsen,+Scandinavia+and+the+Making+of+a+World+Drama&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Ibsen%2C%20Scandinavia%20and%20the%20Making%20of%20a%20World%20Drama&f=false
15. Goldman, M. (1999). Eyolf’s eyes: Ibsen and the cultural meanings of child abuse. In H. Bloom, (Ed.). Henrik Ibsen: Modern critical views (pp. 197-218). Chelsea House Publishers. [Reprinted from “Eyolf’s eyes: Ibsen and the cultural meanings of child abuse, 1994, American Imago, 51(3), 279-306]. https://archive.org/details/henrikibsenmcvbl00haro
16. Gosse, E. (2003). Ibsen’s social dramas. In M. Egan (Ed.). Henrik Ibsen: The critical heritage (pp. 77-94). Routledge. [Reprinted from “Ibsen’s social dramas”, 1889, Fortnightly Review, 14, 107–21]. https://www.pdfdrive.com/henrik-ibsen-critical-heritage-series-e159043074.html
17. Gould, M. S., Shaffer, D., & Greenberg, T. (2003). The Epidemiology of Youth Suicide. In R. A. King & A. Apter. (Eds.). Suicide in Children and Adolescents (pp. 1-40). https://archive.org/details/suicideinchildre0000unse_m8x9/page/40/mode/2up
18. Haddad, K., Lindquist-Grantz, R., Vilvens, H., Boards, A., Jacquez, F., & Vaughn, L. (2020). Empowering youth to build BRIDGES: Youth leadership in suicide prevention. Collaborations: A Journal of Community-Based Research and Practice, 3(1), 1–10. Empowering Youth to Build BRIDGES: Youth Leadership in Suicide Prevention - Collaborations: A Journal of Community-Based Research and Practice (miami.edu)
19. Harad, A. (2005). Ibsen’s themes and symbols. In C. B. Johnson (Ed.), Four great plays: A doll's house, the wild duck, hedda gabler, the master builder (pp. 410-412). Pocket Books. https://archive.org/details/fourgreatplays00ibse_0
20. Hawton, K. (1986). Suicide and attempted suicide among children and adolescents. Sage Publications. https://archive.org/details/suicideattempted0000hawt/page/n5/mode/2up
21. Hoberman, H. (1989). Completed suicide in children and adolescents: A review. In B. Garfinkel and G. Northrup (Eds.), Adolescent suicide: Recognition, treatment and prevention (pp. 60-88). The Howarth Press. https://archive.org/details/adolescentsuicid0000unse_v3r8/page/40/mode/2up
22. Johnson, P. B., & Malow-Iroff, M. S. (2008). Adolescents and risk: Making sense of adolescent psychology. https://archive.org/details/adolescentsriskm0000john_z8o0/page/n9/mode/2up
23. Johnston, D. (2021). Ibsen's phenomenology of kindness: Self and Other in The wild duck. Performance Paradigm. 16. 132-147. http://www.performanceparadigm.net/index.php/journal/article/view/244
24. Jones, H. A. (2003). The unfortunate depravity but enlivening influence of Ibsen. In M. Egan (Ed.), Henrik Ibsen: The critical heritage (pp. 233-234). Routledge. (Reprinted from “The unfortunate depravity but enlivening influence of Ibsen”, 1891, Era). https://www.pdfdrive.com/henrik-ibsen-critical-heritage-series-e159043074.html
25. Jurich, A. P. (2008). Family therapy with suicidal adolescents. Routledge. https://archive.org/details/familytherapywit0000juri/page/n7/mode/2up
26. Leehey, K. (1991). Teens at risk: How to recognize and prevent adolescent suicide. https://archive.org/details/teensatriskhowto00leeh/page/42/mode/2up
27. Macfall, H. (1907). Ibsen: The man, his art and his significance. Morgan Shepard Company. https://archive.org/details/ibsenmanhisartan00macfuoft/page/256/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater
28. McFarlane, J. W. (1971). Preface. In J. W. McFarlane (Ed. & Trans.), Ibsen: Plays; An enemy of the people, the wild duck, Rosmersholm (pp. ix-xxv). Oxford University Press. https://archive.org/details/ibsenplays00ibse/page/128/mode/2up
29. Meyer, M. (1980). Ibsen: A biographical approach. In E. Durbach (Ed.), Ibsen and the theatre: The dramatist in production (pp. 14-26). New York University Press. (Reprinted from Biography of Ibsen, by M. Meyer, 1967, Hart-Davis) https://archive.org/details/ibsentheatredram0000unse/page/26/mode/2up
30. Miller, D. N. (2011). Child and adolescent suicidal behavior: School-based prevention, assessment and intervention. The Guilford Press. https://archive.org/details/childadolescents0000mill
31. Moi, T. (2005). “It was as if he meant something different from what he said – all the time": Language, metaphysics, and the everyday in the wild duck. In C. B. Johnson (Ed.), Four great plays: A doll's house, the wild duck, hedda gabler, the master builder. (pp. 421-422). Pocket Books. (Reprinted from “It was as if he meant something different from what he said – all the time": Language, metaphysics, and the everyday in the wild duck, 2002, New Literary History: A Journal of Theory and Interpretation) https://archive.org/details/fourgreatplays00ibse_0
32. Mozic, J. (2019). Figurative transportations and the performativity of home: A dramaturgical study of the representations of home in the prose plays of Henrik Ibsen and their reverberations in the work of Mona Hatoum and Bobby Baker. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Roehampton]. https://core.ac.uk/works/18662532
33. Northam, J. (1999). The wild duck. In H. Bloom (Ed.), Henrik Ibsen: Modern critical views. (pp. 59-85). Chelsea House Publishers. (Reprinted from Ibsen: A critical study, by J. Northam, 1973, Cambridge University Press) https://archive.org/details/henrikibsenmcvbl00haro
34. Nurtanti, S., Handayani, S., Ratnasari, N. Y., Husna, P. H., & Susanto, T. (2020). Characteristics, causality, and suicidal behavior: A qualitative study of family members with suicide history in Wonogiri, Indonesia. Frontiers of Nursing. 2. 169-178. https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/fon-2020-0016
35. Otsuki, M., Kim, T, & Peterson, P. (2014). Teen suicide is a major health problem. In C. Watkins (Ed.), Teen Suicide. (p.p. 10-17). Greenhaven Press. https://archive.org/details/teensuicide0000unse_w9v2
36. Østerud, E. (1996). Henrik Ibsen’s theatre mask. Tableau, absorption and theatricality in the wild duck. Orbis Litterarum. 51(3). 148-177. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230547936_Henrik_Ibsen's_Theatre_Mask_Tableau_Absorption_and_Theatricality_in_The_Wild_Duck
37. Ribeiro, J. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2009). The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior: Current status and future directions. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 65(12). 1291-1299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19827114/
38. Santrock, J. W. (2001). Adolescence. McGraw-Hill. https://archive.org/details/adolescence00sant_0/page/n5/mode/2up
39. Shain, B. N. (2007). Suicide and suicide attempts in adolescents. Pediatrics. 120(3). 669–676. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1908
40. Shaw, G. B. (1891). The quintessence of Ibsenism. Walter Scott. https://archive.org/details/quintessenceofib00shawrich/page/98/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater
41. Slaby, A. E., & McGuire, P. L. (1989). Residential management of suicidal adolescents. In B. Garfinkel & G. Northrup (Eds.), Adolescent suicide: Recognition, treatment and prevention (pp. 23-43). The Howarth Press. https://archive.org/details/adolescentsuicid0000unse_v3r8/page/40/mode/2up
42. Smith, M. W. (2002). The wild duck: A play of a play. Modern Drama. 45(1). 9-22. https://www.academia.edu/20570378/The_Wild_Duck_A_Play_of_Play
43. Spirito, A., & Esposito-Smythers, C. (2005). Attempted and completed suicide in adolescence. Clinical Psychology. 2(237). 237-266. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095323
44. Sprinchorn, E. (1980). Ibsen and the actors. In E. Durbach (Ed.), Ibsen and the theatre: The dramatist in production (pp. 118-130). New York University Press. https://archive.org/details/ibsentheatredram0000unse/page/26/mode/2up
45. Viesland, J. (2005). The ethics of aesthetics: Decadence in Henrik Ibsen's the wild duck. Ibsen Studies. 5(1). 48-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15021860510032790
46. Wagner, B. M. (2009). Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. Yale University. https://archive.org/details/suicidalbehavior0000wagn/page/n5/mode/2up
Published
2023-07-31
How to Cite
Fahes, S. (2023). Henrik Ibsen’s The Wild Duck: A Research-Based Study of the Psychosocial Risk Factors of Hedvig’s Suicide. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 19(20), 26. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n20p26
Section
ESJ Humanities
Copyright (c) 2023 Safaa Fahes
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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