Corporal Punishment as an Educational Practice for Burundian Children's Maladaptive Behavior: The Assessment of the Disposition of Children Education Stakeholders
Keywords:
Corporal punishment, maladaptive behavior, transgenerational, violence, educational practices
Abstract
Our study aims to investigate the factors that produce and sustain the use of corporal punishment in education in Burundi. To collect data, we used a life story approach with semi-structured interviews and direct and indirect observation of educational actors. Analysis of the empirical corpus of 50 educational actors enabled us to highlight the social and educational experiences of our interviewees drawn from their childhood. Religious beliefs, the personality of the educators and psychic tensions linked to the general context are the main reasons for the use of corporal punishment. The majority of our interviewees, including teachers, support the use of corporal punishment, provided it does not exceed certain limits. Sensitivity to the effects of corporal punishment on children is generally low. It changes and rises to physical and economic effects, which arise when corporal punishment results in serious bodily harm, requiring prolonged hospitalization of the victim. For our respondents, not punishing children would be synonymous with cowardice, a violation of biblical scripture, with a high risk of exposing children to more dangerous consequences. Finally, to prevent and reduce the early onset of maladaptive behavior in children, the introduction of positive parenting programs is indispensable in Burundian education.
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References
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28. Matari H. ( 2014). School and violence in Gabon: a critical reading of the use of corporal punishment and verbal violence in schools. Comparative education, Journal of international and comparative research in education / new series, 10, 2014, 107-137.
29. Mayer, Robert, Ouellet, F., Marie-Christine, S-Jacques, Turcotte, D.& al. (2000). “Research methods in social intervention”. Gaëtan Morin editor. Montreal, 409 p.
30. Merle, P. (2002). The humiliation of students in the school institution: contribution to a sociology of teacher-student relations. French Review of Pedagogy, 2002, 139, 31-51.
31. Ojo, F.Y. (2018). Corporal Punishment in Nigerian Schools from Psychological Perspectives: Issues and Recommendations. Journal of Education and Practice, 9(5), 2018, 23-28.
32. Olupohunda, B. (2013). Time to end Corporal Punishment in Schools, Punch Newspaper (Lagos, Nigeria), (2013, May 16).
33. Paolucci, E. O., & Violato, C. ( 2004). A meta-analysis of the published research on the affective, cognitive, and behavioral effects of corporal punishment. The Journal of Psychology, 138(3), 197-221.
34. Quentin De Mongaryas, R F., & Bibalou, E. (2020). Les harcèlements en milieux scolaire et universitaire au Gabon. Generis Publishing.
35. Quentin De Mongaryas, R- F & Bibalou, E. ( 2021). « Violences en milieu scolaire au Gabon. Regards croisés autour de l’analyse de contenu des mémoires professionnels des étudiants en fin de cycle à l’ENS de Libreville », Éducation et socialisation, 2021, accessed June 27, 2023 DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/edso.17640
36. Report of the 2016-2017, Demographic Health Survey
37. Report of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2007), p. 4.
38. Rodriguez, C.-M., & Price, B.-L. (2004). Attributions and discipline history as predictors of child abuse potential and future discipline practices. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28 (8), 845-861.
39. Rodriguez C. (2003). Parental discipline and abuse potential affects on child depression, Anxiety, and Attributions. Journal Marriage Family, 2003, 65 (November): 809-817
40. SOFRES ( 1999). Report of Survey commissioned by the association ‘’ Educating without hitting’’.
41. Tsafack, G. (1998). Ethics and deontology of education. Yaoundé: 1998, University Press of Africa.
42. Tardieu, A. (2008). Forensic study on abuse and mistreatment of children, In Enfances& Psychologie 2008/2 (n° 39), p 174-178.
43. Thietart R.-A. (1999). Management Research Methods, Paris: Dunod.
44. Trocmé N. & Wolfe. (2001). Child Maltreatment in Canada: Selected Findings from the Incidence Study of Reported and Incidents of Child Abuse and Neglect. 2001, Ottawa: Department of Public Works and Government Services Canada.
45. World Health Organization. (2020). Global status report on preventing violence against children, Geneva, 2020.
46. Wu. C-I. (2007). The Interlocking Trajectories between Negative Parenting Practices and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms. Curr Sociol. 2007; 55(4):579–597.
2. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development, 1979, Harvard University Press.
3. Brugeilles, C, Sebille, P. (2009). The participation of fathers in the care and education of children. The influence of gender relations between parents and between generations, Review of social and family policies, 95, pp.19-32. Alshs-01215143
4. Coulon N. & Cresson G., (2007). Parenthood and its genres. The human sciences and the place of the father with the young child. In Coulon, N. & Cresson (2007): Early childhood. Between family and crèches, between sex and gender, 2007, Paris, L’Harmattan.
5. Demba, J- J. (2012). The subjective face of school failure: stories from Gabonese secondary school students, 2012, Libreville: ODEM.
6. Demba, J- J. ( 2012). School failure and the relationship with teachers: insight from the point of view of secondary school students in Gabon. Qualitative Research, 2011, 30(1), 224-246.
7. Deslauriers, J-P. (1991). Qualitative Research: Practical Guide, 1991, Mc – Graw-Hill, Montreal.
8. Du Rivage, N., Keves, K., Leray, E., Pez, O., Bitfoi, A., Koc, C., Goelitz, D., Kwipers, R., Lesinskiene, S., Mihova, Z., Otten, R., Fermaniam, C & Kovess- Masfety, V.( 2015). Parental Use of Corporal Punishment in Europe: Intersection between Public Health and Policy, PLoS One., 10(2): e0118059.
9. Durrant, J.E., Ensom, R & The Coalition on Corporal Punishment of Children and Adolescents. (2004). Joint Statement on Physical Punishment of Children and Youth, Ottawa: Coalition on Physical Punishment of Children and Youth.
10. End Violence Against Children. (2018). Châtiments corporels des enfants au Burundi. Visited online on 15/5/2023.
11. Fang, W., Meifang, W & Xiaopei, X. (2018). Attitudes mediate the intergenerational transmission of corporal punishment in China, Child Abuse & Neglect, 76(2018) 34-43
12. French Association Janusz Korczak (AFJK) or respect for the child. (2010).
13.
14. Frick, P-J., Christian, R-E., Wootton, J-M. (1999). Age Trends in the Association between Parenting Practices and Conduct Problems. Behav Mod. 1999; 23(1):106–128.
15. Gagné, M.-H., Tourigny, M., Joly, J., & Pouliot-Lapointe, J. (2007). Predictors of adult attitudes toward corporal punishment of children. Journal of interpersonal violence, 2007, 22 (10), 1285-1304
16. Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 539-579.
17. Gershoff, E. T. (2008). Report on Physical Punishment in the United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects on Children? Columbus, OH: Center for Effective Discipline, 2008.
18. Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2015).Towards nonviolence schools: Prohibiting all corporal punishment. Global report 2015.
19. Goblet, M. & Glowacz, F. (2021). Le Slut shaming: Qualitative study of a form of ordinary sexism in the discourse and representations of adolescents, Issues and Society, 8(1), pp.249-276.
20. IWACU Journal, 2019, accessed Online, 2/22/2023
21. Jamal, F., Dufour, S., Clément, M.-É. & Chamberland, C. (2011). Links between the perceived legitimacy of the violence suffered in the childhood of Quebec fathers and the current violence experienced by their children in the family. Journal of Psychoeducation, 40(2), 2011, 175–190. https://doi.org/10.7202/1061844ar065.
22. Kalton, G. (1983). Introduction to survey sampling, Beverly Hills, Sage Publication, 96 p. DOI: 10.4135/9781412984683.
23. Lachal, C. (2018). Corporal punishment of children: an elementary form of violence. In The Other 2018/2, Volume 19, 2018/2, p.235-243
24. Lansford, J.E., Wager, L.B., Bates, J.E., Pettit, G.S & Dodge, K.A. (2012). Forms of Spanking and Children’s Externalizing Behaviors. Family Relations, 61(2), 224-236.
25. Larrivee, M.-C., Lavergne, C., Dufour, S & Trocmé N. (2009). Physical abuse with or without other forms of ill-treatment: two realities. Journal of Psychoeducation, 2009, 38(1), 73-95
26. Mahoney, A., & Donnelly, W., (2000). Mother and Father Self-Reports of Corporal Punishment and Severe Physical Aggression Toward Clinic- Youth Journal Clinical Child Psychology 2000: 39(2): 37-41.
27. Maigret & Gentaz, G. (2023). Parenting, educational practices and punishments: what does scientific research say about the effects of relational (time-out) or physical (spanking) punishments on the psychological development of children? 2023. A.N.A.E., 183
28. Matari H. ( 2014). School and violence in Gabon: a critical reading of the use of corporal punishment and verbal violence in schools. Comparative education, Journal of international and comparative research in education / new series, 10, 2014, 107-137.
29. Mayer, Robert, Ouellet, F., Marie-Christine, S-Jacques, Turcotte, D.& al. (2000). “Research methods in social intervention”. Gaëtan Morin editor. Montreal, 409 p.
30. Merle, P. (2002). The humiliation of students in the school institution: contribution to a sociology of teacher-student relations. French Review of Pedagogy, 2002, 139, 31-51.
31. Ojo, F.Y. (2018). Corporal Punishment in Nigerian Schools from Psychological Perspectives: Issues and Recommendations. Journal of Education and Practice, 9(5), 2018, 23-28.
32. Olupohunda, B. (2013). Time to end Corporal Punishment in Schools, Punch Newspaper (Lagos, Nigeria), (2013, May 16).
33. Paolucci, E. O., & Violato, C. ( 2004). A meta-analysis of the published research on the affective, cognitive, and behavioral effects of corporal punishment. The Journal of Psychology, 138(3), 197-221.
34. Quentin De Mongaryas, R F., & Bibalou, E. (2020). Les harcèlements en milieux scolaire et universitaire au Gabon. Generis Publishing.
35. Quentin De Mongaryas, R- F & Bibalou, E. ( 2021). « Violences en milieu scolaire au Gabon. Regards croisés autour de l’analyse de contenu des mémoires professionnels des étudiants en fin de cycle à l’ENS de Libreville », Éducation et socialisation, 2021, accessed June 27, 2023 DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/edso.17640
36. Report of the 2016-2017, Demographic Health Survey
37. Report of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2007), p. 4.
38. Rodriguez, C.-M., & Price, B.-L. (2004). Attributions and discipline history as predictors of child abuse potential and future discipline practices. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28 (8), 845-861.
39. Rodriguez C. (2003). Parental discipline and abuse potential affects on child depression, Anxiety, and Attributions. Journal Marriage Family, 2003, 65 (November): 809-817
40. SOFRES ( 1999). Report of Survey commissioned by the association ‘’ Educating without hitting’’.
41. Tsafack, G. (1998). Ethics and deontology of education. Yaoundé: 1998, University Press of Africa.
42. Tardieu, A. (2008). Forensic study on abuse and mistreatment of children, In Enfances& Psychologie 2008/2 (n° 39), p 174-178.
43. Thietart R.-A. (1999). Management Research Methods, Paris: Dunod.
44. Trocmé N. & Wolfe. (2001). Child Maltreatment in Canada: Selected Findings from the Incidence Study of Reported and Incidents of Child Abuse and Neglect. 2001, Ottawa: Department of Public Works and Government Services Canada.
45. World Health Organization. (2020). Global status report on preventing violence against children, Geneva, 2020.
46. Wu. C-I. (2007). The Interlocking Trajectories between Negative Parenting Practices and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms. Curr Sociol. 2007; 55(4):579–597.
Published
2023-09-27
How to Cite
Ladislas, G. (2023). Corporal Punishment as an Educational Practice for Burundian Children’s Maladaptive Behavior: The Assessment of the Disposition of Children Education Stakeholders. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 21, 603. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/17223
Section
ESI Preprints
Copyright (c) 2023 Gahungu Ladislas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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