Quantifying Street Tree Regulating Heat Effects Using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model Approach
Keywords:
Climate change, Generalized Linear Mixed Model, heat effects mitigation, meteorological parameters, street tree
Abstract
Climate change has emerged as a significant global environmental concern, prompting increased interest in utilizing trees as an alternative means to enhance human well-being and thermal comfort in urban settings. This study endeavors to assess the influence of street trees on the urban microclimate in tropical cities, employing a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) approach. The investigation was conducted in Cotonou, Porto-Novo, and Ouidah within Benin. Data collection was conducted along thoroughfares, where a systematic inventory was performed to measure various characteristics of each street tree. Meteorological data, encompassing air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, were recorded at three different heights thrice an hour from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Subsequently, these datasets were analyzed using GLMMs. A total of 1127 street trees belonging to 20 species and 13 families were identified. The Shannon Diversity Index and Pielou Equitability values ranged from 2.33 to 2.92 bits and 0.17 to 0.64, respectively. The GLMM analysis revealed that the presence of trees, daytime, and height significantly influenced air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Street trees on both sides of roadways induced an air temperature decrease from -0.6°C to -1.4°C and an increase in relative humidity ranging from +2.5% to +5.2% between 11 am and 5 pm, as compared to other layouts. Furthermore, closed canopy patterns exhibited the most favorable outcomes, resulting in an air temperature decrease from -0.4°C to -1°C and an increase in relative humidity from +2.4% to +5.5% between 11 am and 5 pm.
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References
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25. Litschke, T. and Kuttler, W. (2008). On the reduction of urban particle concentration by vegetation—a review. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 17(3): 229-240.
26. Meyer, J.L., Paul, M.J. and Taulbee, W.K. (2005). Stream ecosystem function in urbanizing landscapes. Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 24(3): 602–612.
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28. Ouinsavi, C. (2000). In situ conservation of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss: socioeconomic relevance. structure and dynamic of natural communities and Productivity of trial plantations in Benin. Engineer Agronomist Thesis. FSA/UAC. Abomey-Calavi. Benin. 120
29. Pamukcu-Albers, P., Ugolini, F., La Rosa, D., Grădinaru, S. R., Azevedo, J. C., & Wu, J. (2021). Building green infrastructure to enhance urban resilience to climate change and pandemics. Landscape ecology, 36(3), 665-673.
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31. Potes, L. M. R., Hanrot, S., Dabat, M.A., Izard, J.L. (2012). Variation des paramètres de plantation des arbres d’alignement dans un milieu urbain et son influence sur la température de l’air - Cas d’Aix-en-Provence, France. Thibaud, Jean-Paul and Siret, Daniel. Ambiances in action / Ambiances en acte(s) - International Congress on Ambiances, Montreal 2012, Sep 2012, Montreal, Canada. International Ambiances Network, 261-266.
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33. Revelli, R., & Porporato, A. (2018). Ecohydrological model for the quantification of ecosystem services provided by urban street trees. Urban Ecosystems, 21, 489-504.
34. Segura, R., Krayenhoff, E. S., Martilli, A., Badia, A., Estruch, C., Ventura, S., & Villalba, G. (2022). How do street trees affect urban temperatures and radiation exchange? Observations and numerical evaluation in a highly compact city. Urban Climate, 46, 101288.
35. Sénécal, G. (2007). Urban environment: mapping a concept. Introductory note. Environnement Urbain/Urban Environment, (Volume 1).
36. Shashua‐Bar, L., Potchter, O., Bitan, A., Boltansky, D., & Yaakov, Y. (2010). Microclimate modelling of street tree species effects within the varied urban morphology in the Mediterranean city of Tel Aviv, Israel. International Journal of Climatology: A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 30(1), 44-57.
37. Sokpon, N. and Ouinsavi, C. (2004). Gestion des plantations de Khaya senegalensis au Bénin. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques. 279 (1) 37.
38. Spano G, Giannico V, Elia M, Bosco A, Lafortezza R, Sanesi G (2020). Human health–environment interaction science: an emerging research paradigm. Sci Total Environ 704:135358
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40. Stewart, I.D. and Oke, T. (2009). Classifying urban climate field sites by “local climate zones”: The case of Nagano, Japan. Seventh International Conference on Urban Climate (Vol. 29).
41. Teichmann, F., Horvath, A., Luisser, M. and Korjenic, A. (2022). The Impact of Small-Scale Greening on the Local Microclimate—A Case Study at Two School Buildings in Vienna. Sustainability, 14, 13089. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013089
42. Teixeira CP, Fernandes CO (2020). Novel ecosystems: a review of the concept in non-urban and urban contexts. Landsc Ecol, 35:23–39
43. Teka, O., and Vogt, J. (2010). Social perception of natural risks by local residents in developing countries-The example of the coastal area of Benin. Social Science Journal. 47. 215–224.
44. Teka, O., Togbe, C. E., Djikpo, R., Chabi, R. and Djossa, B. (2017a). Effects of urban forestry on the local climate in Cotonou. Benin republic. Agriculture. Forestry and Fisheries. 6(4): 123–129. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20170604.13. ISSN: 2328-563X (Print). ISSN: 2328–5648 (Online)
45. Teka, O., Togbe, E., Djossa, B., Djikpo, R., Oumorou, M., and Sinsin, B. (2017b). Plant diversity and carbon storage in roadside trees in Cotonou (Republic of Benin). Annales des Sciences Agronomiques, 21(2), 203-221.
46. Tohozin, C. A. B., and Orekan O. A. V. (2017). Analyse par la télédétection et le SIG de l’extension urbaine de Porto-Novo au Bénin. Afrique SCIENCE 13.4: 207-219.
47. Vailshery, L.S., Jaganmohan, M. and Nagendra, H. (2013). Effect of street trees on microclimate and air pollution in a tropical city. Urban forestry & urban greening, 12(3) : 408-415.
48. Zhang, X.M., Zhang, X.D., Gray, D. and Wang, H. (2013). The number of subtrees of trees with given degree sequence. Journal of Graph Theory, 73(3) : 280-295.
2. Adam, K. S. & Boko, M. (1993). Le Bénin. Cotonou : Les Éditions du Flamboyant/EDICEF.
3. Agoungbome, S. M. D., Gbenontin, E., & Thiam, M. (2020). Mangroves under demographic pressure and salt production threats in the Municipality of Ouidah (Benin). In Innovations and Interdisciplinary Solutions for Underserved Areas: 4th EAI International Conference, InterSol 2020, Nairobi, Kenya, March 8-9, 2020, Proceedings 4 (pp. 105-118). Springer International Publishing.
4. Akoègninou, A., Van der Burg, W. J. & Van der Maesen, L. J. G. (2006). Flore analytique du Bénin (No. 06.2). Backhuys Publishers.
5. Andrade R, Franklin J, Larson KL, Swan CM, Lerman SB, Bateman HL, Warren PS, York A (2020). Predicting the assembly of novel communities in urban ecosystems. Landsc Ecol 36:1–15
6. Arnson, Y., Gringauz, I., Itzhaky, D., & Amital, H. (2012). Vitamin D deficiency is associated with poor outcomes and increased mortality in severely ill patients. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 105(7), 633-639.
7. Bowler, D.E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T.M. and Pullin, A.S. (2010). Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and urban planning, 97(3): 147-155.
8. Djikpo, V. A. R., Teka, O., Djossa, B., Oumorou, M. and Sinsin, B. (2023). Understanding Coastal Residents’ Perception on Urban Green Spaces in Benin, West Africa. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 12(1), pp. 8-17. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20231201.12
9. Feyisa, G.L. Dons, K. and Meilby, H. (2014). Efficiency of parks in mitigating urban heat island effect: An example from Addis Ababa. Landscape and Urban Planning, 123: 87-95.
10. Fischer, L. (2005). Phénomènes radiatifs et îlot de chaleur urbain dans l’agglomération de Strasbourg. Revue Géographique de l'Est, 45(2) : 99-112.
11. Georgescu, M., Chow, W.T.L., Wang, Z.H., Brazel, A., Trapido-Lurie, B., Roth, M. and Benson-Lira, V. (2015). Prioritizing urban sustainability solutions: coordinated approaches must incorporate scale-dependent built environment induced effects. Environmental Research Letters. 10(6): 061001.
12. Gnélé, J. 2010. Dynamiques de planification urbaine et perspectives de développement durable à Cotonou (République du Bénin) (Doctoral dissertation, Thèse de doctorat, FLASHUAC, Bénin, 339.
13. Gromke, C., Blocken, B., Janssen, W., Merema, B., van Hooff, T. and Timmermans, H. (2015). CFD analysis of transpirational cooling by vegetation: Case study for specific meteorological conditions during a heat wave in Arnhem, Netherlands. Building and environment, 83 : 11-26.
14. Guimbo I. D., Mahamane A., Ambouta K. J. M. (2010). Peuplement des parcs à Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Prance et à Vitellaria paradoxa (Gaertn. CF) dans le sud-ouest nigérien : diversité, structure et régénération. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 4(5) : 1706-1720.
15. Hallegatte, S. (2016). Shock waves: managing the impacts of climate change on poverty. World Bank Publications.
16. Harlan, S. L., & Ruddell, D. M. (2011). Climate change and health in cities: impacts of heat and air pollution and potential co-benefits from mitigation and adaptation. Current opinion in environmental sustainability, 3(3), 126-134.
17. Houinsou, A. (2009). Foresterie Urbaine à Cotonou: Diagnostic et Approches de solution pour une Gestion intégrée. Mémoire DEA FLASH/UAC, Bénin, 71.
18. IEA (2022), Playing my part, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/playing-my-part, License: CC BY 4.0.
19. INSAE (2013). Quatrième Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitation. Institut National de la Statistique et de l’Analyse Économique (septembre 2013). Cotonou. Bénin.
20. IPCC (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 35-115, doi: 10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647
21. Kenney, W.A., van Wasseanaer, P.J.E. & Satel, A. L. (2011). Criteria and Indicators for Strategic Urban Forest Planning and Management. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 37: 108–117.
22. Kingbo, A., Teka, O., Aoudji, A. K., Ahohuendo, B., & Ganglo, J. C. (2022). Climate Change in Southeast Benin and Its Influences on the Spatio-Temporal Dynamic of Forests, Benin, West Africa. Forests, 13(5), 698.
23. Lafontaine-Messier, M. (2014). Potentiel de l'utilisation des arbres nourriciers à des fins de production alimentaire au sein de parcs publics urbains à Villa El Salvador, au Pérou (Doctoral dissertation, Université Laval).
24. Lankao, P.R. (2008). Urban areas and climate change: Review of current issues and trends issues paper for the 2011 global report on human settlements. National Center for Atmospheric Research.
25. Litschke, T. and Kuttler, W. (2008). On the reduction of urban particle concentration by vegetation—a review. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 17(3): 229-240.
26. Meyer, J.L., Paul, M.J. and Taulbee, W.K. (2005). Stream ecosystem function in urbanizing landscapes. Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 24(3): 602–612.
27. Osseni, A. A., Sinsin, B. and Toko, I. I. (2014). Analyse des contraintes de viabilité de la végétation urbaine : cas des arbres d’alignement dans la ville de Porto-Novo au Benin. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 10(32): 1-15.
28. Ouinsavi, C. (2000). In situ conservation of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss: socioeconomic relevance. structure and dynamic of natural communities and Productivity of trial plantations in Benin. Engineer Agronomist Thesis. FSA/UAC. Abomey-Calavi. Benin. 120
29. Pamukcu-Albers, P., Ugolini, F., La Rosa, D., Grădinaru, S. R., Azevedo, J. C., & Wu, J. (2021). Building green infrastructure to enhance urban resilience to climate change and pandemics. Landscape ecology, 36(3), 665-673.
30. Parker J, Zingoni de Baro ME (2019). Green infrastructure in the urban environment: a systematic quantitative review. Sustainability, 11(11):3182.
31. Potes, L. M. R., Hanrot, S., Dabat, M.A., Izard, J.L. (2012). Variation des paramètres de plantation des arbres d’alignement dans un milieu urbain et son influence sur la température de l’air - Cas d’Aix-en-Provence, France. Thibaud, Jean-Paul and Siret, Daniel. Ambiances in action / Ambiances en acte(s) - International Congress on Ambiances, Montreal 2012, Sep 2012, Montreal, Canada. International Ambiances Network, 261-266.
32. R Core Team. 2022. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna. Austria.
33. Revelli, R., & Porporato, A. (2018). Ecohydrological model for the quantification of ecosystem services provided by urban street trees. Urban Ecosystems, 21, 489-504.
34. Segura, R., Krayenhoff, E. S., Martilli, A., Badia, A., Estruch, C., Ventura, S., & Villalba, G. (2022). How do street trees affect urban temperatures and radiation exchange? Observations and numerical evaluation in a highly compact city. Urban Climate, 46, 101288.
35. Sénécal, G. (2007). Urban environment: mapping a concept. Introductory note. Environnement Urbain/Urban Environment, (Volume 1).
36. Shashua‐Bar, L., Potchter, O., Bitan, A., Boltansky, D., & Yaakov, Y. (2010). Microclimate modelling of street tree species effects within the varied urban morphology in the Mediterranean city of Tel Aviv, Israel. International Journal of Climatology: A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 30(1), 44-57.
37. Sokpon, N. and Ouinsavi, C. (2004). Gestion des plantations de Khaya senegalensis au Bénin. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques. 279 (1) 37.
38. Spano G, Giannico V, Elia M, Bosco A, Lafortezza R, Sanesi G (2020). Human health–environment interaction science: an emerging research paradigm. Sci Total Environ 704:135358
39. Stern, N. (2007). The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press.
40. Stewart, I.D. and Oke, T. (2009). Classifying urban climate field sites by “local climate zones”: The case of Nagano, Japan. Seventh International Conference on Urban Climate (Vol. 29).
41. Teichmann, F., Horvath, A., Luisser, M. and Korjenic, A. (2022). The Impact of Small-Scale Greening on the Local Microclimate—A Case Study at Two School Buildings in Vienna. Sustainability, 14, 13089. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013089
42. Teixeira CP, Fernandes CO (2020). Novel ecosystems: a review of the concept in non-urban and urban contexts. Landsc Ecol, 35:23–39
43. Teka, O., and Vogt, J. (2010). Social perception of natural risks by local residents in developing countries-The example of the coastal area of Benin. Social Science Journal. 47. 215–224.
44. Teka, O., Togbe, C. E., Djikpo, R., Chabi, R. and Djossa, B. (2017a). Effects of urban forestry on the local climate in Cotonou. Benin republic. Agriculture. Forestry and Fisheries. 6(4): 123–129. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20170604.13. ISSN: 2328-563X (Print). ISSN: 2328–5648 (Online)
45. Teka, O., Togbe, E., Djossa, B., Djikpo, R., Oumorou, M., and Sinsin, B. (2017b). Plant diversity and carbon storage in roadside trees in Cotonou (Republic of Benin). Annales des Sciences Agronomiques, 21(2), 203-221.
46. Tohozin, C. A. B., and Orekan O. A. V. (2017). Analyse par la télédétection et le SIG de l’extension urbaine de Porto-Novo au Bénin. Afrique SCIENCE 13.4: 207-219.
47. Vailshery, L.S., Jaganmohan, M. and Nagendra, H. (2013). Effect of street trees on microclimate and air pollution in a tropical city. Urban forestry & urban greening, 12(3) : 408-415.
48. Zhang, X.M., Zhang, X.D., Gray, D. and Wang, H. (2013). The number of subtrees of trees with given degree sequence. Journal of Graph Theory, 73(3) : 280-295.
Published
2023-09-30
How to Cite
Rosos Djikpo, V. A., Teka, O., Abalo, S., Hozanhekpon, E., Noudehou, G., & Sinsin, B. (2023). Quantifying Street Tree Regulating Heat Effects Using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model Approach. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 19(27), 36. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n27p36
Section
ESJ Natural/Life/Medical Sciences
Copyright (c) 2023 Vignon Adelphe Rosos Djikpo, Oscar Teka, Sandrine Abalo, Elodie Hozanhekpon, Ghislaine Noudehou, Brice Sinsin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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