Chemical and Mineralogical Characterisation of Clayey Sands from the Ivorian Sedimentary Basin in Road Construction
Keywords:
Clayey sand, Characterization, Chemico-mineralogical, road, Sedimentary basin, Ivoirian
Abstract
In Ivory Coast, particularly in the south, most paved and unpaved roads are made of clayey sand, given its availability. The early degradation of roads is related to a strong sensitivity of certain materials to the environment (climate, geology, and degrees of alteration) and a poor knowledge of the geotechnical properties could slow down their use in road construction. Within this framework, this paper focuses on determining the chemico-mineralogical nature of the clayey sands of the localities of Bingerville and Samo, in the South-East of Ivory Coast. Tests were conducted based on the chemical and mineralogical analyses. Chemical elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, colorimetry, complexometry, and gravimetry. Organic matter was determined using the Rock-Eval 6 pyrolysis method, while the mineralogical composition was determined using a Bruker D8 ADVANCE diffractometer. The chemico-mineralogical analyses reveal that the clayey sands from Bingerville and Samo are more enriched in silica oxide (SiO2) but less enriched in iron oxide (Fe2O3). All the soils studied have a degree of laterization greater than 2, which suggests that they are non-lateritic soils. The low Total Organic Carbon (TOC) values lies between 0.1 and 0.15% by weight, which reflects the extremely low amount of organic matter in these soils. This indicates the possibility of treating these soils with hydraulic binders. The mineralogy of the studied soils denotes that they are composed of kaolinite and illite.
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References
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27. Tagini, B. (1972). Geological map of Ivory Coast at scale 1 :200,000. SODEMI-ORSTOM-University of Abidjan
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29. Thorez, J. (1976). Practical Identification of Clay Minerals. Ed. G. Lelotte Dison, 90 p.XP P 94-202 (1995). Soils: reconnaissance and Tests-Soil and rock sampling-Methodology and procedure, AFNOR, 42 pp.
30. Wazir, I. (2014). Sediment controls and diagenetics on the properties petrophysics of sandstone reservoirs gas from the Sbaa basins, Algeria, South Palmyrides, and Syria. Thesis of Ph.D. University of Paris Sud – Paris XI. p394.
31. Yao, N. J. P. (2012). Characterization sedimentological, mineralogical, geochemical, and biostratigraphic vivid cliffs of Fresco: region of Grand-Lahou (the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire). Thesis of Ph.D. Félix Houphouët - Boigny University, Cocody Abidjan. p218.
32. Yoboué, K. E., Bongoua-Devisme, A. J., Kouadio, K. P., & Yao-Kouamé, A. (2014). Mineralogy of the clay fraction of browned soils of Kahankro and Anikro (Toumodi) in the South-central the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire. In. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 8(3): 1269-1280. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v8i3.40
2. Assale, F.Y.P. (2013). Sedimentological, palynological, geochemical, and paleoenvironmental characterization of sedimentary formations related to the lagoon fault (eastern onshore basin from the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire). Doctoral thesis, University Félix Houphouet-Boigny of Abidjan. 361 p.
3. Assale, F.Y.P., Monde, S., & Aka, K. (2012). Litho-stratigraphic and petro-sedimentological characterization of the Tertiary-Quaternary formations of the Bingerville area (the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire). Afrique SCIENCE 08 (2), pp 93-112.
4. Autret, P. (1983). Laterites and lateritic gravels. Etudes ISTED-LCPC, France, 38 p.
5. Benzerara, K., Skouri-Panet, F., Li J., Ferard, C., & Gugger, M. (2014). Intracellular ca-carbonate biomineralization is widespread in cyanobacteria. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences. Vol.111-30. pp 10933-10938.
6. Bohi, Z.P.B. (2008). Characterization of lateritic soils used in road construction: the case of the Agnéby region (the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire). Doctoral thesis, National School of Bridges and Highways, 143 p.
7. Boudlal, O., Djemai, M., Hamza, A., & Khattaoui, M. (2017). Valorization of new natural and recycled materials in road construction in Algeria Bull Geol. Environ 76, pp 523-535.
8. Caner, L. (2011). Phyllosilicates in soils: from identification to quantification. The Habilitation to Supervise Research, University of Poitiers, 143 p.
9. Copard, Y. (2002). Diagenetic and post-diagenetic alteration (thermicity, oxidation) of carboniferous coals from the French Massif Central (Saint-Etienne, Graissessac and other locations). University of Orléans, France. NNT: tel-00001902. 248 p.
10. Coulibaly, Y. N., Assale, F.Y.P., Ouattara, I. B., & Monde, S. (2020). Lithostratigraphic characterization and mineralogy of clays Albian deposits of Ivorian sedimentary basin International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. Vol 14(3), pp 1153-1166.
11. Diop, M. (2002). Design of road structures on swelling marls and clays: Etude de cas: Bargny-Diamniadio. Mémoire d'Ingénieur. University Cheikh Anta Diop. Sénégal. 133 p.
12. Djedid, T. (2020). Effect of the substitution of river sand by quarry sand on the durability of concrete based on different Algerian cements in chemical environments. Doctoral thesis University Mohamed Khider-Biskra, 178 p.
13. Djomo, A. S. (2017). Valorization of biodegradable waste: Elaboration of products (tiles) based on powder and bottle shards in substitution of sand and stabilized with cement. PhD thesis. University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, 276 p.
14. Espitalie, J., Laporte, J.L., Madec, M., Marquis, F., Leplat, P., Paulet, J., & Boutefeu, A. (1977). Rapid method for characterizing source rocks, their petroleum, potential and their degree of evolution. Review of the French Petroleum Institute, 32: 23-42.
15. Kouakou, C. H. (2005). Valorization of the clays of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire: Study of the cold stabilization of the clay of Dabou with a hydraulic binder (Portland cement), PhD thesis. University of Cocody Abidjan, 184 p.
16. LBTP (1977). Criteria for the use of natural lateritic gravel in base and sub-base layers. Internal report, 52 p.
17. Leroux, A. & Riviere, A. (1969). Treatment of clayey soils with lime. Newsletter of the Bridges and Roads Laboratoires, Paris, pp 59-95.
18. Messou, M. (1980). Mechanical behavior of a lateric gravel base layer improved with cement : case of roads in Ivory Coast. Research report, LBTP, 197 p.
19. Molard, J. P., Camps, J.P., & Laquerbe, M., (1987). Study of extrusion and cement stabilization of single-mineral clays. Materials and structures 20, pp 44-50.
20. Njopwouo, D. & Orleac, M. (1979). Note on the behavior of certain minerals to tri-acid attack. Cah ORSTOM, Pédol Series. Vol XVI I (n°4), pp 329-337.
21. N’zi, J.C., Toure, M., Yao, N.J.P., Kouassi, R.A., Digbehi, Z.B., & Aka, K. (2018). Sedimentological characterization and Mineralogy of Tertiary Formations from the Onshore Basin of the Region from Abidjan, the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire. European Scientific Journal, 14: 218-234. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n 18p218
22. Peters, K. E. & Cassa, M. R., (1994). Applied Source Rock Geochemistry. In: The petroleum system from source to trap. MAGOON L.B & DOW W.G., eds, 1994. American Association of Petroleum Memoir 60. Alaska, U.SA, pp. 93-120.
23. Samb, F., Makhaly, B., Meissa, F., & Berthand, Y. (2013). International Conference Eco-materials of construction, Ouagadougou, BURKINA FASO, pp 1-5.
24. Spengler, A. & Delteil, J. (1964). The secondary and tertiary basin of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa). Sedimentary basins of the African coast –D Reyre, Ass. Serv. Geol. Afr., Paris, pp. 99-113.
25. Souley, I. (2016). Characterization and Valorization of lateritic materials used in road construction in Niger. PhD thesis, University of Bordeaux, 349 pp.
26. Souley, I., Saiyouri, N., Anguy, Y., Gaborieau, C., & Fabre, R. (2015). Study of lateritic materials used in road construction in Niger: Improvement method. Rencontres universitaires de génie civil, BAYONNE, FRANCE, pp 1-9
27. Tagini, B. (1972). Geological map of Ivory Coast at scale 1 :200,000. SODEMI-ORSTOM-University of Abidjan
28. Temimi, M., Ben, A. K., & Camps, J. P. (1998). Making building products by extrusion and cement stabilization: limits of the process with montmorillonite clay, Applied Clay Science, Vol. 13, pp 245-253.
29. Thorez, J. (1976). Practical Identification of Clay Minerals. Ed. G. Lelotte Dison, 90 p.XP P 94-202 (1995). Soils: reconnaissance and Tests-Soil and rock sampling-Methodology and procedure, AFNOR, 42 pp.
30. Wazir, I. (2014). Sediment controls and diagenetics on the properties petrophysics of sandstone reservoirs gas from the Sbaa basins, Algeria, South Palmyrides, and Syria. Thesis of Ph.D. University of Paris Sud – Paris XI. p394.
31. Yao, N. J. P. (2012). Characterization sedimentological, mineralogical, geochemical, and biostratigraphic vivid cliffs of Fresco: region of Grand-Lahou (the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire). Thesis of Ph.D. Félix Houphouët - Boigny University, Cocody Abidjan. p218.
32. Yoboué, K. E., Bongoua-Devisme, A. J., Kouadio, K. P., & Yao-Kouamé, A. (2014). Mineralogy of the clay fraction of browned soils of Kahankro and Anikro (Toumodi) in the South-central the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire. In. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 8(3): 1269-1280. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v8i3.40
Published
2023-10-31
How to Cite
Kouassi, K. P., Atto Yapi, D. S. R., Konin, A., & Grehoa, A. M. (2023). Chemical and Mineralogical Characterisation of Clayey Sands from the Ivorian Sedimentary Basin in Road Construction . European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 19(30), 94. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n30p94
Section
ESJ Natural/Life/Medical Sciences
Copyright (c) 2023 Kouakou Pierre Kouassi, Désiré Sosthène Ronald Atto Yapi, Athanase Konin, Abalé Martial Grehoa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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