From Silence to Social Awakening: Exploring the Personal Trajectories of Activists in Morocco's Post-Arab Spring Movements
Abstract
The Arab Spring served as a catalyst for various movements aiming to implement political change across the Arab world. Morocco, with its rich history of social movements, witnessed the emergence of the Movement of 20th February 2011 (M20F), the Hirak Rif, and the 2018 boycott campaign. The M20F, in particular, challenged the established fear imposed by the Makhzen, marking a transformative moment facilitated by social media and a call against "hogra" – oppression, injustice, and social contempt. While existing studies have focused on the political and social factors behind activism and the consequences of these movements on societies, the present paper takes a more individualistic perspective. Using biographic interviews with several activists from these uprisings in Morocco, and from different backgrounds and affiliations, the paper examines their life trajectories with the aim of understanding what factors influenced their decision to join a movement and the subsequent impact on their lives. This paper presents the profiles of six activists and discusses the rationale behind shaping their activist careers. The respondents developed an interest in activism from various influences—parental, cultural, media, socio-economic conditions, and experiences of marginalization—all united for a common objective of change, despite diverse ideologies.
Downloads
Metrics
PlumX Statistics
References
2. Agrikoliansky, É. (2001). Carrières militantes et vocation à la morale : Les militants de la LDH dans les années 1980. Revue française de science politique, 51(1‑2), 27‑46. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.511.0027
3. Agrikoliansky, É. & Fillieule, O. (2022). 10. Les rétributions du militantisme : Du concept à la méthode. In L. Barrault-Stella, B. Gaïti, & P. Lehingue (Éds.), La politique désenchantée ? : Perspectives sociologiques autour des travaux de Daniel Gaxie (p. 203‑218). Presses universitaires de Rennes. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.147097
4. Alwin, D. & Krosnick, J. (1991). Aging, Cohorts, and the Stability of Sociopolitical Orientations Over the Life Span. American Journal of Sociology - AMER J SOCIOL, 97. https://doi.org/10.1086/229744
5. Amsidder, A., Daghmi, F., & Toumi, F. (2012). La mobilisation sociale à l’ère des réseaux sociaux. Cas du Maroc. 1, 5(ESSACHESS Journal for communication studies), 151‑161.
6. Ben Youssef, I. & Khalil, J. (2023). La Campagne du Boycott 2018 au Maroc Comme Forme de Solidarité et d’Expression d’Indignation. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 19(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n8p101
7. Benayad, O. (2018). Boycotting Silence : Morocco and the Erasure of Voicelessness.
8. Bennani-Chraïbi, M. & Jeghllaly, M. (2012). La dynamique protestataire du Mouvement du 20 février à Casablanca. Revue française de science politique, 62(5‑6), 867‑894. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.625.867
9. Berrada El Mehdi (2018). Maroc : Le Parlement rend public un rapport sur les prix des carburants sur fond de boycott commercial – Jeune Afrique. JeuneAfrique.com. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/560340/economie-entreprises/maroc-le-parlement-rend-public-un-rapport-sur-les-prix-des-carburants-sur-fond-de-boycott-commercial/
10. Bono, I. (2013). Une lecture d’économie politique de la « participation des jeunes » au Maroc à l’heure du Printemps arabe. Revue internationale de politique comparée, 20(4), 145‑166. https://doi.org/10.3917/ripc.204.0145
11. Boutaleb, A., Vannetzel, M., & Allal, A. (2018). Chapitre 5. Développer et gouverner. Action publique, travail et économie politique. In Introduction aux mondes arabes en (r)évolution (p. 155‑187). De Boeck Supérieur. https://doi.org/10.3917/dbu.bouta.2018.01.0155
12. BTI 2016- Morocco Country Report (p. 30) (2016). Bertelsmann Stiftung.
13. Cheynis, É. (2013). Les reconversions dans l’associatif de militants politiques marocains. Ruptures, continuités et fidélité à soi. Politix, 102(2), 147‑173. https://doi.org/10.3917/pox.102.0147
14. Déchaux, J.-H. (2010). Agir en situation : Effets de disposition et effets de cadrage. Revue française de sociologie, 51(4), 720‑746. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfs.514.0720
15. Dejaeghere, Y. & Hooghe, M. (2011). Chapitre 3 / Les attitudes politiques et sociales a` l’épreuve de l’adolescence. In La politique au fil de l’âge (p. 64‑89). Presses de Sciences Po. https://doi.org/10.3917/scpo.muxel.2011.01.0064
16. Diani, M. (2000). Social Movement Networks Virtual and Real. Information, Communication & Society, 3(3), 386‑401. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180051033333
17. Elder, G. H. (1998). The Life Course as Developmental Theory. Child Development, 69(1), 1‑12. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132065
18. Elder, G. H., Johnson, M. K., & Crosnoe, R. (2003). The Emergence and Development of Life Course Theory. In J. T. Mortimer & M. J. Shanahan (Éds.), Handbook of the Life Course (p. 3‑19). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_1
19. Fainine, L. (2011). Enquête Nationale sur les jeunes 2011. Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc. https://www.hcp.ma/Enquete-Nationale-sur-les-jeunes-2011_a3266.html
20. Fillieule, O. (2001). Propositions pour une analyse processuelle de l’engagement individuel. Post scriptum. Revue française de science politique, 51(1‑2), 199‑215. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.511.0199
21. Fillieule, O. & Mayer, N. (2001). Devenirs militants. Introduction. Revue française de science politique, 51(1‑2), 19‑25. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.511.0019
22. Fillieule, O. & Pudal, B. (2010). 8. Sociologie du militantisme.Problématisations et déplacement des méthodes d’enquête. In Penser les mouvements sociaux (p. 163‑184). La Découverte. https://doi.org/10.3917/dec.filli.2010.01.0163
23. Gusfield, J. R. (1960). Review of Political Socialization. A Study in the Psychology of Political Behavior [Review of Review of Political Socialization. A Study in the Psychology of Political Behavior, par H. H. Hyman]. The Sociological Quarterly, 1(4), 256‑258.
24. Heinz, W., Marshall, V., & Aldine (2003). Social Dynamics of the Life Course : Transitions, Institutions, and Interrelations.
25. Ion, J. (1997). Individuation et engagement public. In La fin des Militants ? (p. 99‑109). Éditions de l’Atelier. https://www.cairn.info/la-fin-des-militants--9782708232822-p-99.htm
26. Ksikes, D. (2015). Genèses du cyber-activisme au Maroc. https://www.economia.ma/fr/content/gen%C3%A8ses-du-cyber-activisme-au-maroc
27. Laouni, N.-E. (2022). Cyberactivism and protest movements : The February 20th movement – the forming of a new generation in Morocco. The Journal of North African Studies. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629387.2020.1810024
28. Lofti, C. (2018). Maroc : Le réveil social. In État des luttes : Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord.
29. Masbah Mohammed (2018). “Let it Spoil!” Morocco’s Boycott and the Empowerment of ‘Regular’ Citizen. Al Jazeera Centre for Studies.
30. Mashayekhi, M. (2001). The Revival of the Student Movement in Post-Revolutionary Iran. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 15(2), 283‑313. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012977219524
31. McAdam, D. (1986). Recruitment to High-Risk Activism : The Case of Freedom Summer. American Journal of Sociology, 92(1), 64‑90.
32. Muxel, A. (2001). Conclusion. In L’expérience politique des jeunes (p. 173‑181). Presses de Sciences Po. https://www.cairn.info/l-experience-politique-des-jeunes--9782724608380-p-173.htm
33. Nulman, E. (2020). Political engagement trajectories of youth activists following recruitment into high-intensity mobilisation. Journal of Youth Studies, 23(9), 1124‑1142. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2019.1655535
34. Popenoe David (1983). Sociology (5e éd.). Prentice-Hall.
35. Rachik, H. (2015). Rachik Devenir islamiste essai sur la conversion idéologique. Fondation Du Roi Abdul-Aziz, Casablanca. https://www.academia.edu/49478490/Rachik_Devenir_islamiste_essai_sur_la_conversion_id%C3%A9ologique
36. Radi, A. (2017). Protest movements and social media : Morocco’s February 20 movement. Africa Development, 42(2), Article 2.
37. Sapiro, V. (1994). Political Socialization During Adulthood : Clarifying the Political Time of Our Lives. Micropolitics: New Directions in Political Psychology.
38. Schacter, D. (1999). The seven sins of memory—Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience. The American psychologist, 54, 182‑203. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.54.3.182
39. Schwarz, C. H. (2022). [FOCALE] Hirak du Rif : Marginalisation, mémoire, mouvance. Les Cahiers d’EMAM. Études sur le Monde Arabe et la Méditerranée, 34, Article 34. https://doi.org/10.4000/emam.4484
40. Shuman, A. (1993). The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories : Form and Meaning in Oral History. By Alessandro Portelli. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991. 341 pp. Hardbound, \65.50; Softbound, \21.95. The Oral History Review, 21(1), 119‑121. https://doi.org/10.1093/ohr/21.1.119
41. Sommier, I. (2012). Engagement radical, désengagement et déradicalisation. Continuum et lignes de fracture. Lien social et Politiques, 68, 15‑35. https://doi.org/10.7202/1014803ar
42. Suárez-Collado, A. (2017). Le temps des cerises. In Rif : Analysis of a Year of Protests in Northern Morocco.
43. Toubøl, J. & Gundelach, P. (2023). Values, Activism and Changing Attitudes : Individual-Level Moral Development in Social Movement Contexts. In A. Sevelsted & J. Toubøl (Éds.), The Power of Morality in Movements : Civic Engagement in Climate Justice, Human Rights, and Democracy (p. 95‑118). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98798-5_5
Copyright (c) 2024 Imane Ben Youssef, Jamal Khalil
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.