Philanthropy: A Customary Practice to Meet Donor Expectation. Lesson from Islamic NPOs in Indonesia
Keywords:
Modern Philanthropy, Donor Expectation, Islamic NPOs, Beneficiaries
Abstract
Philanthropy is a form of altruism that involves how private initiatives enhance the public good. Throughout history, benevolence has appeared in numerous shapes and objectives, representing the economic and political framework, righteous systems, and enlightening different motivations. Non-profit organizations (NPOs) in Indonesia have undergone tremendous transformations, evolving more modern and professional. They determine market segments and manage donor acquaintances, formulate fundraising strategies, and construct appropriate, impactful, and beneficial programs with the concourse of the organization's system and human capital. Aside from that, Islamic NPOs appear more strategic, preserve a clear vision and mission, establish an organizational structure and qualified leaders, design long-term, medium-term, and short-term activity plans and budgets, appoint program supervisors, and assess the effectiveness and efficiency of their schedules. The purpose of this research is to comprehend the broad issues confronting Islamic charity in Indonesia as it evolves towards a strategic and lucrative institution. This study adopts qualitative methodologies to discover comprehensive explanations for the occurrences under consideration. In-depth semi-structured interviews with an array of practitioners and academics were employed to gather data. This study indicates that there is a great deal to be performed to improve the capabilities of Islamic NPOs in terms of good governance, system strengthening, cultural internalization, public openness, and accountability as an effective intermediary organization to meet donor expectations. With the role of enabling the transformation of beneficiaries to be more prosperous and avoid poverty or weakness, Islamic NPOs must accelerate capacity building by enhancing each aspect of the organization.
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References
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9. Aydin, D., & et. al. (20xx). Philanthropy in Turkey: Citizens, Foundations and The Pursuit of Social Justice. Turkiye Ucuncu Sektor Vakfi.
10. Banks, N., Hulme, D., & Edwards, M. (2015). NGOs, States, Donors Revisited: Still to Close for Comfort? World Development Vol. 66, pp. 707-718.
11. Barman, E. (2007). An institutional approach to donor control: From dyadic ties to a field-level analysis. American Journal of Sociology 112 (5), 1416-1457.
12. Barman, E. (2017). The social bases of philanthropy. Annual Review of Sociology.
13. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. NJ: Erlaum: Hillsdale.
14. Batson, C. D. (1998). Altruism and Prosocial Behavior. New York, NY: McGrave Hill/Oxford University Press.
15. Batson, C. D., & et al. (1989). Religious prosocial motivation: It is altruistic or egoistic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 7(5), 357-361.
16. Beik, I., & Arsyianti, L. (2015). Contruction of CIBEST Model as Measurement of Poverty and Welfare Indices From Islamic Perspective. Al Iqtishad Vol. VII.
17. Bekker, R. (2003). Volunteering from one generation to the next: Modelling effects or confrounding variables? Utrect: Mimeo, Utrect University.
18. Bekkers, R. (2004). Giving and volunteering in the Netherlands: sociological and psychological perspectives. PhD dissertation, Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
19. Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2007). Generosity and philanthropy: A literature review. SSRN.
20. Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011b). A literatur review of empirical studies of philanthropy: eight mecanism that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 40 (5), 924-73.
21. Blau, P. M. (1968). Interaction: social exchange. International Encyclopedia of th Social Science 7, 452-58.
22. Boatsman, R. J., & Gupta, S. (1996). Taxes and corporate charity: empirical evidence from micro-level panel data. National Tax Journal 49, 193–213.
23. Breen, O. B., & et., a. (2016). Regulatory waves. Comparative perspectives on the state regulation policies in the nonprofit sector. Cambridge University Press.
24. Brown, E., & Ferris, J. M. (2007). Social capital and phylanthropy: an analysis of the impact of social capital on individual giving and volunteering. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 36 (1), 85-99.
25. Brown, W. O., Helland, E., & Smith, J. K. (2006). Corporate philanthropic practices. Journal of Corporate Finance 12 , 855–877.
26. Bulut, M., Akkemik, K. A., & Goksal, K. (2016). Worldviews and intergenerational altruism: A comparison of Turkey and Germany. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 15(45), 234-256.
27. Campbell, R. L. (2006). Altruism in Auguste Comte and Ayn Rand. Research Gate.
28. management: some international evidence. Journal of Business Ethics 79, 179–198.
29. DiNitto, D. M., & Johnson, D. H. (2016). Chapter 3: Politics and history of social welfare policy. In the esential of social welfare: Politics and public policy (8th ed., pp.73105). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
30. Einoff, C. J. (2011). gender differences in the correlates of volunteering and charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 40(6), 1092-1112.
31. Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition, and behavior. NJ: Erlbaum: Hillsdale.
32. Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., & et al. (2002). Prosocial development in early adulthood: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Socail Psychology 82, 993-1006.
33. El-Menouar, Y. (2014). The five dimensions of Muslim religiosity, results of an empirical study. Methods, Data, Analyses, 53-78.
34. Emirbayer, M. (1997). Manifesto for a Relational Sociology. The American Journal of Sociology Vol. 103, 281-317.
35. Enelamah, N. V., & Tran, T. (2019). Dimensions of altruism behaviors among Americans in the general society survey. Journal of Human Behavior in The Social Environment.
36. Fauzia, A. (2008). Faith and the State: A History of Islamic Philanthropy in Indonesia. Australia: Faculty of Arts/Asia Institute/The University of Melbourne.
37. Grantmakers for Effective Organizations (GEO). (2021). Reimagining capacity building: Navigating culture, system and power.
38. Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2006). Does culture affect economic outcomes? Journal of Economic Perspectives 20(2), 23-48.
39. Harbaugh, W. T. (1998a). The prestige motive for making charitable transfers. The American Economic review 88(2), 277-282.
40. Hartono , R., & Astuti, M. (2017). The Impact of Qardhul Hasan Financing on Sejuta Berdaya Program. Presented at International Confrence at Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.
41. Havens, J. J., O'Herlihy, M. A., & Schervish, P. G. (2006). Charitable giving: How much, by whom, to what, and how. The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook 2, 542-567.
42. Hermalin, B. (2005). Trends in Corporate Governance. Journal of Finance.
43. Hoge, D. R., & Yang, F. (1994). Determinants of religious giving in American denominations: data from two nation wide surveys. Review of Religious Research 36(2), 23-48.
44. Hogg, E. (2017). What regulation, who pays? Public attitudes to charity regulation in England and Wales. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 47 (1), 72-88.
45. Home: The 17 Goals. (2024, April). Retrieved from UN: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Sustainable Development: https://sdgs.un.org
46. Itang, & Syakhabyatin, I. (2017). Sejarah Wakaf di Indonesia. Tazkiya Jurnal Keislaman, Kemasyarakatan dan Kebudayaan.
47. Juwaini, A. (2023, October). Homework for Islamic NPOs in Indoensia (Regulation). (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
48. Knowles, S. R., Hyde, M. K., & White, K. M. (2012). Predictors of young people's charitable intentions to donate money: an extended theory of planned behaviour perspective.
49. McCarthy, K. (1984). Ameican Cultural Philanthropy: past, Present and Future. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences Vol. 471, 13-26.
50. McDaniel, S. D. (2020). Structuring Impactful Philanthropy. Greystone Consulting.
51. Menkes, M. R. (2021). Porter and Kramer’s (2006) “Shared Value”. In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management. Berlin: Springer.
52. Mintarti, N. (2023, September). Strategic and Impactful Islamic NPOs. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
53. Mosley, J. E., & Galaskiewicz, J. (2015). The Relationship Between Philanthropic Foundation Funding and State-Level Policy in the Era of Welfare Reform. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly Vol. 44(6), 1225–1254.
54. Norenzayan, A., & Shariff, A. F. (2008). The origin of evolution of religious pro sociality. Science 322(5898), 58-62.
55. Opoku, R. A. (2012). Examining the motivational factors behind charitable giving among young people in a prominent Islamic country. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing 18, 172-186.
56. Osili, U., & Okten, C. (2015). Giving in Indonesia: A Culture of Philanthropy Rooted in Islamic Tradition. New York: The Pelgrave Handbook of Global Philanthropy.
57. Philanthropy: What is a philanthropist? (2024, April). Retrieved from Fidelity Charitable: https://www,fidelitycharitable.org
58. Pichon, T., Boccato, G., & Saroglou, V. (2007). Non-conscious influences of religion on prosociality: A priming study. European Journal of Social Psychology 37, 1032-1045.
59. Purwakananta, M. A. (2023, May). Strategic and Impactful Islamic NPOs in Indonesia. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
60. Putra, P. H. (2023, September). Strategic and Impactful NPOs (Dompet Dhuafa). (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
61. Reece, W. S. (1979). Charitable contributions: New evidence on household behavior. The American Economic Review 69(1), 142-151.
62. Renz, D. O., & et al. (2016). The Jossey-Bass Handbook of Nonprofit Leadership and Management. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
63. Robiyantono, J. E. (2021, July). The Role of Waqf in Indonesia. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
64. Rosidin, F. (2023, September). Homework for islamic NPOs in Indonesia (Research and Training). (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
65. Salomon, L. M., & Sokolowski, W. (2004). Global civil society: Dimensions of the nonprofit sector 2. Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.
66. Saptono, I. T. (2021, June). The Role of Waqf in Indoensia. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
67. Sargeant, A. (1999). Charitable Giving: towards a model of donor behaviour. Journal of Marketing Management 15 (4), 215-238.
68. Saroglou. (2013). Religion, spirituality, and altruism. APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion and Spirituality 1, 439-457.
69. Schwartz, S. H., & Huismans, S. (1995). Value priorities and religiosity in four Western religions. Socail Psychology Quarterly 58(2), 88-107.
70. Scott, W. R. (2008). Institutions and Organizations: Ideas, interest, and identities. SAGE.
71. Setiyarso, I. (2023, September). The Role of Leadership of Islamic NPOs in Indonesia. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
72. Siswantoro, D. (2023, September). Homework for Islamic NPOs in Indonesia. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
73. Sokolowski, S. W. (2013). Effects of government support of nonprofit institutions of aggregate private philanthropy: Evindence from 40 countries. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit organization 24(2), 359-381.
74. Soskis, B., & Katz, S. N. (2016). Looking Back at 50 Years of U.S. Philanthropy. Hewlett Foundation's.
75. Suprihartanti, R. (2023, September). Stretegic and Impactful NPOs (Baznas). (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
76. Susanti, I. (2023, October). How to build the value of charity in a family according to psychology. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
77. Syukur, S. (2023, September). Accountability and Transparency in Reporting. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
78. Umer, H. (2021). A behavioral model to examine religiosity and generosity. Current Psychology.
79. Wahyuni , S. (2012). Qualitative research Method : Theory and Practice. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
80. Wiepking, P. (2010). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: eight mecanism that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly.
81. Wiepking, P., & Bekkers, R. (2012b). Who Gives? A Literature Review of Predictors of Charitable Giving. Part Two: Gender, Family, Composition and Income. Voluntary Sector Review 3 (2), 217-246.
82. Wiepking, P., & et., a. (2021). Global Philanthropy: does institutional context matter for charitable giving? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly , 1-32.
83. Zhao, L. (2012). Exploring religiosty's effects on altrusitic behaviour. Social Research Report.
84. Zimmer, C. (2024, April). Resources: Philanthropy. Retrieved from Learnig to Give We site: http://learningtogive.org
85. Zubairi, H. F., & et.al. (2018). Factors Influencing Donation Behavior: The Role of Seasonal Effects. SRRN.
2. About Us. (2024, April). Retrieved from Baznas Web site: https://www.baznas.go.id
3. Adelman, C., Barnett, J. N., & Russel, K. (2015). Index of philanthropic freedom. Hudson Institute.
4. Adloff, F. (2016). Approaching phylanthropy from social theory perspective. In The Routledge Companion to Philanthropy, 56-71.
5. Agerstrom, J., & et al. (2016). Using descriptive social norms to increase charitable giving: The power of local norms. Journal of Economic Psychology 52, 147-153.
6. Andreoni, J., & Payne, A. A. (2013). Charitable Giving. In J. Andreoni, & A. A. Payne, Handbook of Public Economics Vol. 5. Elsevier.
7. Anheier, H. K., & Toepler, S. (1999). Privater Funds, Public Purpose, Philantropic Foundation in International Perspective. New York: Kluwer.
8. Arli, D., & Lasmono, H. (2015). Are religious people more caring? Exploring the impact of religiosity on charitable organizations in deveoping country. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing 20, 38-51.
9. Aydin, D., & et. al. (20xx). Philanthropy in Turkey: Citizens, Foundations and The Pursuit of Social Justice. Turkiye Ucuncu Sektor Vakfi.
10. Banks, N., Hulme, D., & Edwards, M. (2015). NGOs, States, Donors Revisited: Still to Close for Comfort? World Development Vol. 66, pp. 707-718.
11. Barman, E. (2007). An institutional approach to donor control: From dyadic ties to a field-level analysis. American Journal of Sociology 112 (5), 1416-1457.
12. Barman, E. (2017). The social bases of philanthropy. Annual Review of Sociology.
13. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. NJ: Erlaum: Hillsdale.
14. Batson, C. D. (1998). Altruism and Prosocial Behavior. New York, NY: McGrave Hill/Oxford University Press.
15. Batson, C. D., & et al. (1989). Religious prosocial motivation: It is altruistic or egoistic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 7(5), 357-361.
16. Beik, I., & Arsyianti, L. (2015). Contruction of CIBEST Model as Measurement of Poverty and Welfare Indices From Islamic Perspective. Al Iqtishad Vol. VII.
17. Bekker, R. (2003). Volunteering from one generation to the next: Modelling effects or confrounding variables? Utrect: Mimeo, Utrect University.
18. Bekkers, R. (2004). Giving and volunteering in the Netherlands: sociological and psychological perspectives. PhD dissertation, Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
19. Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2007). Generosity and philanthropy: A literature review. SSRN.
20. Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011b). A literatur review of empirical studies of philanthropy: eight mecanism that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 40 (5), 924-73.
21. Blau, P. M. (1968). Interaction: social exchange. International Encyclopedia of th Social Science 7, 452-58.
22. Boatsman, R. J., & Gupta, S. (1996). Taxes and corporate charity: empirical evidence from micro-level panel data. National Tax Journal 49, 193–213.
23. Breen, O. B., & et., a. (2016). Regulatory waves. Comparative perspectives on the state regulation policies in the nonprofit sector. Cambridge University Press.
24. Brown, E., & Ferris, J. M. (2007). Social capital and phylanthropy: an analysis of the impact of social capital on individual giving and volunteering. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 36 (1), 85-99.
25. Brown, W. O., Helland, E., & Smith, J. K. (2006). Corporate philanthropic practices. Journal of Corporate Finance 12 , 855–877.
26. Bulut, M., Akkemik, K. A., & Goksal, K. (2016). Worldviews and intergenerational altruism: A comparison of Turkey and Germany. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 15(45), 234-256.
27. Campbell, R. L. (2006). Altruism in Auguste Comte and Ayn Rand. Research Gate.
28. management: some international evidence. Journal of Business Ethics 79, 179–198.
29. DiNitto, D. M., & Johnson, D. H. (2016). Chapter 3: Politics and history of social welfare policy. In the esential of social welfare: Politics and public policy (8th ed., pp.73105). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
30. Einoff, C. J. (2011). gender differences in the correlates of volunteering and charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 40(6), 1092-1112.
31. Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition, and behavior. NJ: Erlbaum: Hillsdale.
32. Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., & et al. (2002). Prosocial development in early adulthood: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Socail Psychology 82, 993-1006.
33. El-Menouar, Y. (2014). The five dimensions of Muslim religiosity, results of an empirical study. Methods, Data, Analyses, 53-78.
34. Emirbayer, M. (1997). Manifesto for a Relational Sociology. The American Journal of Sociology Vol. 103, 281-317.
35. Enelamah, N. V., & Tran, T. (2019). Dimensions of altruism behaviors among Americans in the general society survey. Journal of Human Behavior in The Social Environment.
36. Fauzia, A. (2008). Faith and the State: A History of Islamic Philanthropy in Indonesia. Australia: Faculty of Arts/Asia Institute/The University of Melbourne.
37. Grantmakers for Effective Organizations (GEO). (2021). Reimagining capacity building: Navigating culture, system and power.
38. Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2006). Does culture affect economic outcomes? Journal of Economic Perspectives 20(2), 23-48.
39. Harbaugh, W. T. (1998a). The prestige motive for making charitable transfers. The American Economic review 88(2), 277-282.
40. Hartono , R., & Astuti, M. (2017). The Impact of Qardhul Hasan Financing on Sejuta Berdaya Program. Presented at International Confrence at Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.
41. Havens, J. J., O'Herlihy, M. A., & Schervish, P. G. (2006). Charitable giving: How much, by whom, to what, and how. The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook 2, 542-567.
42. Hermalin, B. (2005). Trends in Corporate Governance. Journal of Finance.
43. Hoge, D. R., & Yang, F. (1994). Determinants of religious giving in American denominations: data from two nation wide surveys. Review of Religious Research 36(2), 23-48.
44. Hogg, E. (2017). What regulation, who pays? Public attitudes to charity regulation in England and Wales. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 47 (1), 72-88.
45. Home: The 17 Goals. (2024, April). Retrieved from UN: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Sustainable Development: https://sdgs.un.org
46. Itang, & Syakhabyatin, I. (2017). Sejarah Wakaf di Indonesia. Tazkiya Jurnal Keislaman, Kemasyarakatan dan Kebudayaan.
47. Juwaini, A. (2023, October). Homework for Islamic NPOs in Indoensia (Regulation). (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
48. Knowles, S. R., Hyde, M. K., & White, K. M. (2012). Predictors of young people's charitable intentions to donate money: an extended theory of planned behaviour perspective.
49. McCarthy, K. (1984). Ameican Cultural Philanthropy: past, Present and Future. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences Vol. 471, 13-26.
50. McDaniel, S. D. (2020). Structuring Impactful Philanthropy. Greystone Consulting.
51. Menkes, M. R. (2021). Porter and Kramer’s (2006) “Shared Value”. In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management. Berlin: Springer.
52. Mintarti, N. (2023, September). Strategic and Impactful Islamic NPOs. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
53. Mosley, J. E., & Galaskiewicz, J. (2015). The Relationship Between Philanthropic Foundation Funding and State-Level Policy in the Era of Welfare Reform. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly Vol. 44(6), 1225–1254.
54. Norenzayan, A., & Shariff, A. F. (2008). The origin of evolution of religious pro sociality. Science 322(5898), 58-62.
55. Opoku, R. A. (2012). Examining the motivational factors behind charitable giving among young people in a prominent Islamic country. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing 18, 172-186.
56. Osili, U., & Okten, C. (2015). Giving in Indonesia: A Culture of Philanthropy Rooted in Islamic Tradition. New York: The Pelgrave Handbook of Global Philanthropy.
57. Philanthropy: What is a philanthropist? (2024, April). Retrieved from Fidelity Charitable: https://www,fidelitycharitable.org
58. Pichon, T., Boccato, G., & Saroglou, V. (2007). Non-conscious influences of religion on prosociality: A priming study. European Journal of Social Psychology 37, 1032-1045.
59. Purwakananta, M. A. (2023, May). Strategic and Impactful Islamic NPOs in Indonesia. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
60. Putra, P. H. (2023, September). Strategic and Impactful NPOs (Dompet Dhuafa). (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
61. Reece, W. S. (1979). Charitable contributions: New evidence on household behavior. The American Economic Review 69(1), 142-151.
62. Renz, D. O., & et al. (2016). The Jossey-Bass Handbook of Nonprofit Leadership and Management. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
63. Robiyantono, J. E. (2021, July). The Role of Waqf in Indonesia. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
64. Rosidin, F. (2023, September). Homework for islamic NPOs in Indonesia (Research and Training). (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
65. Salomon, L. M., & Sokolowski, W. (2004). Global civil society: Dimensions of the nonprofit sector 2. Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.
66. Saptono, I. T. (2021, June). The Role of Waqf in Indoensia. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
67. Sargeant, A. (1999). Charitable Giving: towards a model of donor behaviour. Journal of Marketing Management 15 (4), 215-238.
68. Saroglou. (2013). Religion, spirituality, and altruism. APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion and Spirituality 1, 439-457.
69. Schwartz, S. H., & Huismans, S. (1995). Value priorities and religiosity in four Western religions. Socail Psychology Quarterly 58(2), 88-107.
70. Scott, W. R. (2008). Institutions and Organizations: Ideas, interest, and identities. SAGE.
71. Setiyarso, I. (2023, September). The Role of Leadership of Islamic NPOs in Indonesia. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
72. Siswantoro, D. (2023, September). Homework for Islamic NPOs in Indonesia. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
73. Sokolowski, S. W. (2013). Effects of government support of nonprofit institutions of aggregate private philanthropy: Evindence from 40 countries. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit organization 24(2), 359-381.
74. Soskis, B., & Katz, S. N. (2016). Looking Back at 50 Years of U.S. Philanthropy. Hewlett Foundation's.
75. Suprihartanti, R. (2023, September). Stretegic and Impactful NPOs (Baznas). (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
76. Susanti, I. (2023, October). How to build the value of charity in a family according to psychology. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
77. Syukur, S. (2023, September). Accountability and Transparency in Reporting. (M. A. Rejosumarto, Interviewer)
78. Umer, H. (2021). A behavioral model to examine religiosity and generosity. Current Psychology.
79. Wahyuni , S. (2012). Qualitative research Method : Theory and Practice. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
80. Wiepking, P. (2010). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: eight mecanism that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly.
81. Wiepking, P., & Bekkers, R. (2012b). Who Gives? A Literature Review of Predictors of Charitable Giving. Part Two: Gender, Family, Composition and Income. Voluntary Sector Review 3 (2), 217-246.
82. Wiepking, P., & et., a. (2021). Global Philanthropy: does institutional context matter for charitable giving? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly , 1-32.
83. Zhao, L. (2012). Exploring religiosty's effects on altrusitic behaviour. Social Research Report.
84. Zimmer, C. (2024, April). Resources: Philanthropy. Retrieved from Learnig to Give We site: http://learningtogive.org
85. Zubairi, H. F., & et.al. (2018). Factors Influencing Donation Behavior: The Role of Seasonal Effects. SRRN.
Published
2024-04-28
How to Cite
Rejosumarto, M. A., & Bulut, M. (2024). Philanthropy: A Customary Practice to Meet Donor Expectation. Lesson from Islamic NPOs in Indonesia. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 28, 575. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/18061
Section
ESI Preprints
Copyright (c) 2024 Muji Astuti Rejosumarto, Mehmet Bulut
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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