Appraisal Theory: Can It Be Applied to Visual Images in Isolation to the Text?
Keywords:
Appraisal Theory, Resemiosis, Intersemiosis, Meaning-making, Saudi Women, Media
Abstract
The role of women in Saudi society is evolving; however, the process of reform is subject to multiple interpretations. This makes the role of resemiosis when interpreting visual media particularly important, perhaps more than a direct focus on the semiotic modes adopted. Data was collected from a variety of on-line media covering the recent changes. Appraisal Theory was used to capture the judgement process in terms of emotions experienced by the reader/viewer and how the wider context such as the full news article, or even just the headline, forms a part of this process. This posits that in contested situations, resemiosis is a critical part of the process and sometimes the apparent interpretation of a single image (intersemiosis) can be different to the interpretation of the whole. In such instances, different semiotic modes convey different meanings but a focus on one in isolation can be misleading as to the overall intent.
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References
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3. Aldosari, H. (2018). Saudi Women can Drive Now. Will That Hurt Saudi Women? Retrieved 20 October, 2023, from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/22/opinion/saudi-arabia-salman-women-driving.html
4. Alhuthali, M. (2018). Interpreting Stereotypes: Images and Text. International Journal of Linguistics 10(4), 113-123. doi: https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v10i4.13577
5. Boghani, P. (2019). The Paradox of Saudi Arabia’s Social Reforms Retrieved 20 January, 2020, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-paradox-of-saudi-arabias-social-reforms/
6. Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
7. Chen, Y. & Gao, X. (2014). Interpretation of movie posters from the perspective of multimodal discourse analysis. GSTF Journal on Education (JEd), 1(1).
8. Coffin, C. (2003). Exploring different dimensions of language use. ELT Journal, 57, 11-18.
9. Ellsworth, P. C. (2013). Appraisal Theory: Old and New Questions. Emotion Review, 5(2), 125-131. doi: 10.1177/1754073912463617
10. Elyas, T. & Aljabri, A. (2020). Representations of Saudi male’s guardianship system and women’s freedom to travel in Western newspapers: A critical discourse analysis. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 7(3), 339-357.
11. George, B. (2018). HRH Hayfa bint Abdullah Al Saud Retrieved 18 October, 2023, from https://en.vogue.me/fashion/princess-hayfa-vogue-arabia-cover/
12. Gratch, J. & Marsella, S. (2005). Evaluating a computational model of emotion. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 11(1), 23-43.
13. Human Rights Watch (2016a). No freedom to travel - End Male Guardianship Retrieved 2 January, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-goe4zON-XE
14. Human Rights Watch (2016b). Trapped with Abuse - End Male Guardianship in Saudi Arabia Retrieved 3 January, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPht8rM_GaQ
15. Iedema, R. (2003). Multimodality, resemiotization: extending the analysis of discourse as multi-semiotic practice. Visual Communication, 2(1), 29-57.
16. Jewitt, C. (2005). Multimodality, “Reading”, and “Writing” for the 21st Century. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 26(3), 315-331. doi: 10.1080/01596300500200011
17. Kottasova, I. & Thornton, C. (2020). Saudi female football team. Retrieved 18 October, 2023, from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/25/football/saudi-arabia-football-league-women-rights-intl/index.html
18. Kress, G. (2010). Multimodality: A social semiotic approach to contemporary communication. London: Routledge.
19. Kress, G. & van Leeuwen, T. (Eds.) (2006). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
20. Lacroix, S. (2019). Saudi Arabia and the limits of religious reform. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 17(2), 97-101.
21. Lannes, L. (2018). Saudi women driving, from https://lauralannes.format.com/nyt-saudi-women-can-drive-now
22. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American psychologist, 46(8), 819-834.
23. Martin, J. R. & White, P. R. (2005). The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
24. Nureldine, F. (2021). First saudi females football team Retrieved 18 October, 2023, from https://www.gettyimages.ae/detail/news-photo/players-of-the-first-saudi-womens-national-football-team-news-photo/1236301181?adppopup=true
25. Padilla, J. E. & Padilla, C. A. (2022). Multimodal Discourse Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign Posters: Visual Grammar Approach. Silliman Journal, 63(2).
26. Peng, Z. (2022). A Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Movie Posters From the Perspective of Visual Grammar—A Case Study of" Hi, Mom". Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 12(3), 605-609.
27. Rizvi, L.J. & Hussain, Z. (2022). Empowering woman through legal reforms-evidence from Saudi Arabian context. International Journal of Law and Management, 64(2), 137-149.
28. Satiti, N.L.U. (2017). Representation of Muslim Women in the Western Media. Jurnal ILMU KOMUNIKASI.
29. Smith, C. A. & Kirby, L. D. (2001). Toward delivering on the promise of appraisal theory. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Series in affective science. Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 121-138). New York: Oxford University Press.
30. Steinberg, J. (2018). Saudi women driving ban Retrieved 2 January, 2023, from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/25/opinion/saudi-arabia-salman-womens-rights.html
31. Symon, G. & Cassell, C. (2012). Assessing qualitative research. In G Symon & C Cassell (Eds.), Organizational Qualitative Research: Core Methods and Current Challenges. London: Sage.
32. Young, J. (2018). Vogue Arabia cover featuring Saudi princess sparks backlash Retrieved 18 October, 2023, from https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/vogue-arabia-cover-intl/index.html
Published
2024-04-30
How to Cite
AlZahrani, B., & Alhuthali, M. (2024). Appraisal Theory: Can It Be Applied to Visual Images in Isolation to the Text?. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 20(11), 18. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n11p18
Section
ESJ Humanities
Copyright (c) 2024 Bashayir AlZahrani, Mohammed Alhuthali
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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