Evidence of komatiitic basalt enclaves in the Téra-Ayorou pluton (Liptako, West Niger) (West African Craton)
Keywords:
Basic enclaves of Téra-Ayorou Pluton, Niger Liptako, West African Craton, Komatiitic line, Fractional crystallization
Abstract
The present study focuses on the basic enclaves (amphibolo-pyroxenites) of the Téra-Ayorou pluton in Niger Liptako (NE portion of the Man Ridge of the West African Craton). The methodology used includes field observations, supported by polarizing microscope observations of thin sections and geochemical analyses of whole rock. These enclaves are characterized by high MgO, low Na2O, K2O, and TiO2 contents, high CaO/Al2O3 ratios, depletion of light rare earth and enrichment in Ni and Cr. These basic enclaves are thought to come from certain basic to ultrabasic Pogwa and Ladanka plutonites in the Diagorou-Darbani greenstone belt, with which they share the same geochemical characteristics. This suggests that these enclaves were ripped out by the pluton as it was being emplaced. The basic enclaves and basic plutonites with ultrabasites have different signatures from those of the birimian basites of the West African Craton, which are tholeiitic and calc-alkaline. The amphibolo-pyroxenite enclaves of the Téra-Ayorou pluton and the basic to ultrabasic plutonites of the Diagorou-Darbani greenstone belt constitute a fairly continuous line of komatiitic rocks from peridotites (serpentinites) to basalts (metapyroxenites, amphibolites). This komatiitic lineage results from the fractional crystallization of a magmatic liquid from a mantle source with variable partial melting rates. The komatiitic line and the tholeiitic
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References
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16. Hallarou, M.M. (2021). Contexte de mise en place des minéralisations en cuivre et en molybdène des formations Birimiennes de la région de Kourki (Liptako, Ouest Niger) : Genèse et Evolution Magmatique [Thèse de Doctorat Unique]: Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, 255 p.
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18. Jensen, L.S. (1976). A New Cation Plot for Classifying Subalkalic Volcanic Rocks: Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous Paper 66.
19. Kouamelan, A.N., Djro, S.C., and Allialy, M.E. (2015). The oldest rock of Ivory Coast: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 103, p. 65–70, doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.12.004.
20. Lama, C. (1993), Apport de la Métode K-Ar a la compréhension de l’histoire géologique des granitoïdes birimiens du Liptako (Niger Occidental) et des leucogranites a 2 micas de Tagragra d’Akka (Anti-Atlas Occidental, Maroc) [Thèse INPL]: Université de Lorraine, 142 p.
21. Lompo, M. (2009). Geodynamic evolution of the 2.25-2.0 Ga Palaeoproterozoic magmatic rocks in the Man-Leo Shield of the West African Craton. A model of subsidence of an oceanic plateau: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 323, p. 231–254.
22. Machens, E. (1973). Contribution à l’étude des formations du socle cristallin et de la couverture sédimentaire de l’Ouest de la République du Niger.: Mémo. BRGM, n° 82, 167 p.
23. Machens, E. (1961). Prospection Génerale du Liptako,campagne 1960-1961.B.R.G.M.: 73 p.
24. Marot, A., and Capdevila, R. (1980). Géologie du synclinorium du Sud de la Guyane francaise: 9a Conferencia Geologica del Caribe, Sano Domingo, Republica Dominicana, Memorias, v. 2, p. 613–618.
25. McDonough, W.F., and Sun, S.S. (1995). The composition of the Earth: Chem. Geol, v. 120, p. 223–253, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4.
26. Milési, J.P. et al. (1989). Les minéralisations aurifères de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Leurs relations avec l’évolution lithostructurale au Protérozoïque inférieur: Chronique de la Recherche Minière, n° 497, p. 3–98.
27. Milési, J.P., and Picot, J.C. (1995). L’or en Guyane francaise: contexte et potentiel géologiques: Rap. BRGM R 38517, p. 1–31.
28. Noura, G.R., Ahmed, Y.L., Baratoux, L., Ernst, R.E., Attourabi, S.A., Hallarou, M.M., Chamsi, L.I., and Chékaraou, M.M.S. (2023a). Petrogenesis and geochemistry of WNW-ESE to NW-SE trending doleritic dykes of the Paleoproterozoic Liptako basement (West African Craton, West Niger): Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 208, p. 1–17, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2023.105096.
29. Parra-Avila, L.A. et al. (2017). The geochronological evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Baoulé-Mossi domain of the Southern West African Craton: Precambrian Research, v. 300, p. 1–27.
30. Pons, J., Barbey, P., Dupuis, D., and Leger, J.M. (1995). Mechanisms of pluton emplacement and structural evolution of a 2.1 Ga juvenile continental crust: the Birimian of southwestern Niger: Precambrian Research, v. 70, p. 281–301.
31. Pouclet, A., Doumbia, S., and Vidal, M. (2006). Geodynamic setting of the Birimian volcanism in central Ivory Coast (western Africa) and its place in the Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the Man Shield: Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr, v. 177, p. 105–121.
32. Pouclet, A., Vidal, M., Delor, C., Simeon, Y., and Alric, G. (1996). Le volcanisme birimien du Nord-Est de la Côte-d´Ivoire : mise en évidence de deux phases volcano-tectoniques distinctes dans l´évolution géodynamique du Paléoprotérozoïque: Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr, v. 167, p. 529–541.
33. Rollinson, H. (2016). Archaean crustal evolution in West Africa: A new synthesis of the Archaean geology in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and Ivory Coast: Precambrian Research, v. 281, p. 1–12.
34. Soumaila, A., Ahmed, Y.L., and Nouhou, H. (2016b). Géochimie des basites et ultrabasites de Ladanka (Liptako, Niger): J.Sci, v. 16, p. 37–54.
35. Soumaila, A., Garba, Z., Moussa, I.A., Nouhou, H., and Sebag, D. (2016a). Highlighting the root of a paleoproterozoic oceanic arc in Liptako, Niger, West Africa: Journal of Geology and Mining Research, v. 8, p. 13–27, doi:10.5897/JGMR2015.0230.
36. Soumaila, A., Henry, P., Garba, Z., and Rossi, M. (2008). REE patterns, Nd-Sm and U-Pb ages of the metamorphic rocks of the Diagorou-Darbani greenstone belt (Liptako, SW Niger): implication for Birimian (Palaeoproterozoic) crustal genesis: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, p. 19–32, doi:10.1144/SP297.2.
37. Soumaila, A., Henry, P., and Rossy, M. (2004). Contexte de mise en place des roches basiques de la ceinture de roches vertes birimienne de Diagorou-Darbani (Liptako, Niger, Afrique de l’Ouest): plateau océanique ou environment d’arc/bassin arrière-arc océanique: C. R. Geoscience, n° 336, p. 1137–1147.
38. Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F. (1989). Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D. and Norry, M.J. (eds), Magmatism in ocean basins: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, p. 313–345.
39. Tegyey, M., and Johan, V. (1989). Une sequence komatiitique dans le Protérozoïque inférieur de Guinée (Afrique de l’Ouest): Caractèrs pétrographiques, minéralogiques et géochimiques: Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris . Série 2, Mécanique, physique, chimie, sciences de l’univers, sciences de la terre, p. 1984–1993.
2. Ahmed, Y.L., Attourabi, S.A., Hallarou, M.M., Chamsi, L.I., Noura, G.R., and Chékaraou, M.M.S. (2022). Relationship between regional deformation and the emplacement of the Dibilo pegmatites (Liptako, West Niger): Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 198, p. 1–16, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104814.
3. Aïfa, T. (2021). Mineralization and sustainable development in the West African Craton: from field observations to modelling: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, p. 1–29, doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/SP502-2021-21.
4. Ama Salah, I., Liegeois, J.P., and Pouclet, A. (1996). Evolution d’un arc insulaire océanique birimien précoce au Liptako nigérien (Sirba) : géologie, géochronologie et géochimie: Journal of African Sciences, v. 22, p. 235–254.
5. Attourabi, S.A., Ahmed, Y.L., and Hallarou, M.M. (2021). Origin and emplacement conditions of the Dibilo lithiniferous mineralization (Liptako, Western Niger): International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), v. 10, p. 55–71, doi:10.21275/SR21917211430.
6. Baratoux, L., Metelka, V., Naba, S., Jessell, M.W., Grégoire, M., and Ganne, J. (2011). Juvenile Paleoproterozoic crust evolution during the Eburnean orogeny (2.2–2.0 Ga), western Burkina Faso: Precambrian Research, v. 191, p. 18–45.
7. Baratoux, L., Metelka, V., Naba, S., Ouiya, P., Siebenaller, L., Jessell, M.W., Naré, A., Salvi, S., Béziat, D., and Franceschi, G. (2015). Tectonic evolution of the Gaoua region, Burkina Faso: Implications for mineralization: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 112, p. 419–439.
8. Blais, S., Auvray, B., Capdevila, R., Hameurt, J. (1977). Les séries komatiitiques et tholéiitiques des ceintures archéennes de roches vertes de Finlande orientale: Bull. Soc. géol. France., v7, t XIX.n°5, 965-970.
9. Boher, M., Abouchami, W., Michard, A., Albarede, F., and Arndt, N.T. (1992). Crustal growth in West Africa at 2.1 Ga: J. Géophys., v. 97, p. 345–369.
10. Capdevila, R., Arndt, N., Letendre, J., and Sauvage, J.-F. (1999). Diamonds in volcaniclastic komatiite from French Guiana: Nature, v. 399, p. 456–458.
11. Cheilletz, A., Babey, P., Lama, C., Pons, J., Zimmermann, J.-L., and Dautel, D. (1994). Age de refroidissement de la croûte juvénile birimienne d’Afrique de l’Ouest, Données U/Pb et K-Ar sur les formations à 2.1Ga du SW du Niger: Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, Série II, v. 319, p. 435–442.
12. Doumbia, S., Pouclet, A., Kouamelan, A.N., Peucat, J.J., Vidal, M., and Delor, C. (1998). Petrogenesis of juvenile-type Birimian Paleoproterozoic granitoids in central Côte-d´Ivoire, West Africa: geochemistry and geochronology: Precambrian Research, v. 87, p. 33–63.
13. Dupuis, D., Pons, J., and Prost, A.E. (1991). Mise en place de plutons et caractérisation de la déformation birimiènne au Niger Occidental: Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, v. 312, p. 769–776.
14. Garba Saley, H., Konate, M., and Soumaila, A. (2021). Étude texturale des chromitites paléoprotérozoïques de la Région de Makalondi, Province du Liptako nigérien, Ouest Niger : Origine et condition de mise en place: Afrique SCIENCE, v. 18, p. 186–202.
15. Grenholm, M. (2019). The global tectonic context of the ca. 2.27-1.96 Ga Birimian Orogen–Insights from comparative studies, with implications for supercontinent cycles: Earth-science reviews.
16. Hallarou, M.M. (2021). Contexte de mise en place des minéralisations en cuivre et en molybdène des formations Birimiennes de la région de Kourki (Liptako, Ouest Niger) : Genèse et Evolution Magmatique [Thèse de Doctorat Unique]: Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, 255 p.
17. Janoušek, V., Colin, M.F., and Vojtech, E. (2006). Interpretation of whole-rock geochemical data in igneous geochemistry: introducing Geochemical Data Toolkit (GCDkit): Journal of Petrology, v. 47, p. 1255–1259.
18. Jensen, L.S. (1976). A New Cation Plot for Classifying Subalkalic Volcanic Rocks: Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous Paper 66.
19. Kouamelan, A.N., Djro, S.C., and Allialy, M.E. (2015). The oldest rock of Ivory Coast: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 103, p. 65–70, doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.12.004.
20. Lama, C. (1993), Apport de la Métode K-Ar a la compréhension de l’histoire géologique des granitoïdes birimiens du Liptako (Niger Occidental) et des leucogranites a 2 micas de Tagragra d’Akka (Anti-Atlas Occidental, Maroc) [Thèse INPL]: Université de Lorraine, 142 p.
21. Lompo, M. (2009). Geodynamic evolution of the 2.25-2.0 Ga Palaeoproterozoic magmatic rocks in the Man-Leo Shield of the West African Craton. A model of subsidence of an oceanic plateau: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 323, p. 231–254.
22. Machens, E. (1973). Contribution à l’étude des formations du socle cristallin et de la couverture sédimentaire de l’Ouest de la République du Niger.: Mémo. BRGM, n° 82, 167 p.
23. Machens, E. (1961). Prospection Génerale du Liptako,campagne 1960-1961.B.R.G.M.: 73 p.
24. Marot, A., and Capdevila, R. (1980). Géologie du synclinorium du Sud de la Guyane francaise: 9a Conferencia Geologica del Caribe, Sano Domingo, Republica Dominicana, Memorias, v. 2, p. 613–618.
25. McDonough, W.F., and Sun, S.S. (1995). The composition of the Earth: Chem. Geol, v. 120, p. 223–253, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4.
26. Milési, J.P. et al. (1989). Les minéralisations aurifères de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Leurs relations avec l’évolution lithostructurale au Protérozoïque inférieur: Chronique de la Recherche Minière, n° 497, p. 3–98.
27. Milési, J.P., and Picot, J.C. (1995). L’or en Guyane francaise: contexte et potentiel géologiques: Rap. BRGM R 38517, p. 1–31.
28. Noura, G.R., Ahmed, Y.L., Baratoux, L., Ernst, R.E., Attourabi, S.A., Hallarou, M.M., Chamsi, L.I., and Chékaraou, M.M.S. (2023a). Petrogenesis and geochemistry of WNW-ESE to NW-SE trending doleritic dykes of the Paleoproterozoic Liptako basement (West African Craton, West Niger): Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 208, p. 1–17, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2023.105096.
29. Parra-Avila, L.A. et al. (2017). The geochronological evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Baoulé-Mossi domain of the Southern West African Craton: Precambrian Research, v. 300, p. 1–27.
30. Pons, J., Barbey, P., Dupuis, D., and Leger, J.M. (1995). Mechanisms of pluton emplacement and structural evolution of a 2.1 Ga juvenile continental crust: the Birimian of southwestern Niger: Precambrian Research, v. 70, p. 281–301.
31. Pouclet, A., Doumbia, S., and Vidal, M. (2006). Geodynamic setting of the Birimian volcanism in central Ivory Coast (western Africa) and its place in the Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the Man Shield: Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr, v. 177, p. 105–121.
32. Pouclet, A., Vidal, M., Delor, C., Simeon, Y., and Alric, G. (1996). Le volcanisme birimien du Nord-Est de la Côte-d´Ivoire : mise en évidence de deux phases volcano-tectoniques distinctes dans l´évolution géodynamique du Paléoprotérozoïque: Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr, v. 167, p. 529–541.
33. Rollinson, H. (2016). Archaean crustal evolution in West Africa: A new synthesis of the Archaean geology in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and Ivory Coast: Precambrian Research, v. 281, p. 1–12.
34. Soumaila, A., Ahmed, Y.L., and Nouhou, H. (2016b). Géochimie des basites et ultrabasites de Ladanka (Liptako, Niger): J.Sci, v. 16, p. 37–54.
35. Soumaila, A., Garba, Z., Moussa, I.A., Nouhou, H., and Sebag, D. (2016a). Highlighting the root of a paleoproterozoic oceanic arc in Liptako, Niger, West Africa: Journal of Geology and Mining Research, v. 8, p. 13–27, doi:10.5897/JGMR2015.0230.
36. Soumaila, A., Henry, P., Garba, Z., and Rossi, M. (2008). REE patterns, Nd-Sm and U-Pb ages of the metamorphic rocks of the Diagorou-Darbani greenstone belt (Liptako, SW Niger): implication for Birimian (Palaeoproterozoic) crustal genesis: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, p. 19–32, doi:10.1144/SP297.2.
37. Soumaila, A., Henry, P., and Rossy, M. (2004). Contexte de mise en place des roches basiques de la ceinture de roches vertes birimienne de Diagorou-Darbani (Liptako, Niger, Afrique de l’Ouest): plateau océanique ou environment d’arc/bassin arrière-arc océanique: C. R. Geoscience, n° 336, p. 1137–1147.
38. Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F. (1989). Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D. and Norry, M.J. (eds), Magmatism in ocean basins: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, p. 313–345.
39. Tegyey, M., and Johan, V. (1989). Une sequence komatiitique dans le Protérozoïque inférieur de Guinée (Afrique de l’Ouest): Caractèrs pétrographiques, minéralogiques et géochimiques: Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris . Série 2, Mécanique, physique, chimie, sciences de l’univers, sciences de la terre, p. 1984–1993.
Published
2024-05-31
How to Cite
Attourabi, S. A., Hallarou, M. M., Ahmed, Y., & Chékaraou, M. M. S. (2024). Evidence of komatiitic basalt enclaves in the Téra-Ayorou pluton (Liptako, West Niger) (West African Craton). European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 20(14), 74. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n14p74
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ESJ Humanities
Copyright (c) 2024 Sofiyane Abdourahamane Attourabi, Mallam Mamane Hallarou, Yacouba Ahmed, Mahamane Moustapha Sanda Chékaraou
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