Enhancing Community Participation in Local Development Projects: The Bangladesh Context
Keywords:
Enhancement, Community participation, Local development projects, UPGP, Bangladesh
Abstract
This paper focuses on developing an approach for effective community participation in local development projects. Researchers conducted a field study in Sunamganj district, one of the most vulnerable areas in Bangladesh, and collected information from 54 respondents, including Union Parishads (UP) chairpersons and members, secretaries, committee members, and local beneficiaries through interviews and FGDs using purposive sampling. Researchers also collected relevant documents from the Union Parishad (project plan, evaluation report, and annual progress report) to compare the information obtained from the participants in the field and analyzed them using the thematic analysis method. Study findings revealed that although UP is considered a close-knit community-based organization due to the nature of its development work and geographic location, inclusive decentralization and a democratic environment have not been established at the local level institutions to enhance meaningful community participation in development projects. This deficiency is attributed to outsider interferences, nepotism, lack of knowledge and information, top-down bureaucratic decisions, gender discrimination, and corruption. It is believed that the model of a meaningful decentralized participation system would help mobilize the comprehensive local development process.
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References
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12. Botes, L. & Van Rensburg, D. (2000). Community participation in development: nine plagues and twelve commandments. Community Development Journal, 35(1), 41-58.
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21. Ezeudu, T. S. & Ezekwelu, K. C. (2024). Governmentality Perspective as a Contemporary Strategy for Rural Community Development in Nigeria. RUDN Journal of Public Administration, 11(1), 112-136. doi:10.22363/2312-8313-2024-11-1-112-136
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25. Geekiyanage, D., Fernando, T., & Keraminiyage, K. (2020). Assessing the state of the art in community engagement for participatory decision-making in disaster risk-sensitive urban development. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101847.
26. González Rivas, M. (2014). Decentralization, community participation, and improvement of water access in Mexico. Community Development, 45(1), 2-16.
27. Hamlet, L., Gutierrez, V., Soto, A., & Dickin, S. (2022). Barriers to women's participation, leadership, and empowerment in community-managed water and sanitation in rural Bolivia. H2Open Journal, 5(3), 532-548.
28. Islam, A. & Biswas, T. (2014). Health system in Bangladesh: challenges and opportunities. American Journal of Health Research, 2(6), 366-374.
29. Kala, D. & Bagri, S. (2018). Barriers to local community participation in tourism development: Evidence from mountainous state Uttarakhand, India. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 66(3), 318-333.
30. Kassen, M. (2021). Understanding decentralized civic engagement: Focus on peer-to-peer and blockchain-driven perspectives on e-participation. Technology in Society, 66, 101650.
31. Khanal, D. (2015). Gender and its relation with community Development and in context in Nepal.
32. Khatun, D. H. (2003). Integrating gender into World Bank financed transport programs: case study-Bangladesh Third Rural Infrastructure Development Project (RDP 21).
33. Klestil, M. (2023). Unveiling Subjection, Practicing Subjectivation: Race, Power, and Strategies of Rewriting the Self in Charles W. Chesnutt's The Marrow of Tradition. Power in Language, Culture, Literature and Education: Perspectives of English Studies, 28, 215.
34. Lewis, D. (2017). Organising and Representing the Poor in a Clientelistic Democracy: the Decline of Radical NGOs in Bangladesh. Journal of Development Studies, 53(10), 1545-1567. doi:10.1080/00220388.2017.1279732
35. Lewis, D. & Hossain, A. (2017). Revisiting the Local Power Structure in Bangladesh : Economic Gain, Political Pain?
36. Marshall, C. & Rossman, G. B. (2011). Managing, analyzing, and interpreting data. In C. Marshall & G. B. Rossman (Eds.), Designing Qualitative Research (5th ed., pp. 205-227): Sage.
37. Marzuki, A., Hay, I., & James, J. (2012). Public participation shortcomings in tourism planning: The case of the Langkawi Islands, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(4), 585-602.
38. Matarrita-Cascante, D., Lee, J. H., & Nam, J. W. (2020). What elements should be present in any community development initiative? Distinguishing community development from local development. Local Development & Society, 1(2), 95-115. doi:10.1080/26883597.2020.1829986
39. Merriam, S. B. & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Farncisco: John Wiley & Sons.
40. Mia, M. T., Islam, M., Sakin, J., & Al-Hamadi, J. (2022). The role of community participation and community-based planning in sustainable community development. Asian People Journal (APJ), 5(1), 31-41.
41. Mohammad, S. N. (2010). "Peoples Participation in Development Projects at Grass root Level: A Study on Alampur and Jagannathpur Union Parishad”. Masters Dissertation, NSUB, Bangladsh.
42. Montesanti, S. R. & Thurston, W. E. (2015). Mapping the role of structural and interpersonal violence in the lives of women: implications for public health interventions and policy. BMC women's health, 15(1), 1-13.
43. Mutie, B. M. (2022). Stakeholder participation in electoral process in Kenya. JKUAT-COETEC.
44. Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (Pearson New International ed.). London: Pearson Education Limited.
45. Nilsen, P., Wallerstedt, B., Behm, L., & Ahlström, G. (2018). Towards evidence-based palliative care in nursing homes in Sweden: a qualitative study informed by the organizational readiness to change theory. Implementation Science, 13(1), 1.
46. Okunade, B. A., Bukola, A., Adediran, F. E., Adewusi, O. E., Daraojimba, R. E., & Igbokwe, J. C. (2024). Community development programs in Rural Africa: An effectiveness review. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 11(1), 1217-1226.
47. Olum, Y. (2014). Decentralisation in developing countries: preconditions for successful implementation. Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance(15), 23-38.
48. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. & Leech, N. L. (2007). Validity and qualitative research: An oxymoron? Quality & Quantity, 41(2), 233-249.
49. Otieno, E. & Maria, Z. (2020). An Assessment of Rural Youth Participation in Community Development Projects in Turkana South Sub-County: An Approach to Community Development and Sustainable Development.
50. Owi, T. (2020). A governance framework for mitigating flood risks in Nigeria. (Doctoral Dissertation), University of Newcastle, Australia.
51. Panday, P. K. (2011). Local government system in Bangladesh: How far is it decentralised? Lex Localis-Journal of Local Self-Government, 9(3).
52. Panday, P. K. (2019). Public participation in local governments in Bangladesh: experience, challenges and the future. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 41(2), 85-96.
53. Panday, P. K. & Chowdhury, S. (2020). Responsiveness of local government officials: insights and lessons from participatory planning and budgeting. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 42(2), 132-151.
54. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks.Cal: Sage.
55. Pless, N. M. & Appel, J. (2012). In pursuit of dignity and social justice: Changing lives through 100% inclusion—How Gram Vikas fosters sustainable rural development. Journal of Business Ethics, 111, 389-411.
56. Ram, U., Strohschein, L., & Gaur, K. (2014). Gender socialization: Differences between male and female youth in India and associations with mental health. International Journal of Population Research, 2014.
57. Rigon, A. (2014). Building local governance: Participation and elite capture in slum‐upgrading in Kenya. Development and Change, 45(2), 257-283.
58. Rosli, N. M., Omar, D., & Ali, N. E. H. (2017). Participatory Planning Process for Community Resettlements Program. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(12), 2222-6990.
59. Seddiky, M., Giggins, H., & Gajendran, T. (2021). Non-DRR NGOs strategies for livelihood development in the coastal communities of Bangladesh: a case study. Natural Hazards, 1-21.
60. Seddiky, M. A. (2020). Decentralized Health Service Delivery System in Bangladesh: Evaluating Community Clinics in Promoting Healthcare for the Rural Poor. European Scientific Journal ESJ, 16(12). doi:10.19044/esj.2020.v16n12p253
61. Seddiky, M. A., Giggins, H., & Gajendran, T. (2020). International principles of disaster risk reduction informing NGOs strategies for community based DRR mainstreaming: The Bangladesh context. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 48, 101580.
62. Shrestha, R., Shen, Z., & Bhatta, K. D. (2024). Cultural Heritage Deterioration in the Historical Town ‘Thimi’. Buildings, 14(1). Retrieved from doi:10.3390/buildings14010244
63. Tosun, C. (2000). Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism management, 21(6), 613-633.
64. Tridimas, G. (2020). Modelling the quest for status in Ancient Greece: Paying for liturgies. Homo Oeconomicus, 37(3), 213-236.
65. Waheduzzaman, W. (2015). Community participation and local governance in Bangladesh Swinburne University of Technology. Australian Journal of Political Science, 50(1), 128-147.
66. WahedUzzaman, W. & Alam, Q. (2015). Democratic Culture and Participatory Local Governance in Bangladesh. Local Government Studies, 41(2), 260-279. doi:10.1080/03003930.2014.901217
67. Waheduzzaman, W. & As-Saber, S. (2015). Community participation and local governance in Bangladesh. Australian Journal of Political Science, 50(1), 128-147.
68. Wahyuni, D. (2012). The research design maze: Understanding paradigms, cases, methods and methodologies. Journal of applied management accounting research, 10(1), 69-80.
69. Wasilwa, C. & Wasilwa, F. (2015). Effect of community participation on sustainability of community based development projects in Kenya. Retrieved on March, 8, 2017.
70. Waweru, R. (2015). Factors which promote community participation in the community driven development approach. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies, 6959(13), 2349-6959.
71. Willis, K. (2006). Interviewing. Doing development research, 144-152.
72. Wodajo, D., Yiadom, K., & Asfaw, M. (2014). Improving People's Participation in Local Development Project: A Case of Urban Local Government in Oromia-Ethiopia. Develoing Country Studies, 4(8), 9-17.
2. Ackatia-Armah, N. M., Addy, N. A., Ghosh, S., & Dubé, L. (2016). Fostering reflective trust between mothers and community health nurses to improve the effectiveness of health and nutrition efforts: An ethnographic study in Ghana, West Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 158, 96-104.
3. Ahmed, T. (2011). Planning Situations in the Union Parishad of Bangladesh and Outline of A Planning Guideline. The Local Government Support Programme-Local Innovation Component (LGSP-LIC), 9.
4. Akter, S. & Mamun, M. M. H. (2018). Original Paper Analysis of the Link between Central Government and Local Government in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Union Parishad. Urban Studies and Public Administration, 1(1), 1-12.
5. Alvarez, M. L. (2013). From unheard screams to powerful voices: A case study of women’s political empowerment in the philippines. Paper presented at the 12th National Convention on statistics.
6. Amer, N. (2017). Community Participation in Self-Developed Areas and Development Projects. Paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Towards a Better Quality of Life.
7. Ansell, C., Sørensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2022). The Key Role of Local Governance in Achieving the SDGs. In Co-Creation for Sustainability (pp. 9-22): Emerald Publishing Limited.
8. Asaduzzaman, M. (2008). Governance in practice: Decentralization and people's participation in the local development of Bangladesh: Tampere University Press.
9. Begum, A. (2023). Political participation of female in Pakistan: Prospects and challenges. Unisia, 41(1), 39-76.
10. Biermann, R. (2024). Conceptualising patron-client relations in secessionist conflict. A research agenda. Territory, Politics, Governance, 1-19.
11. Bolat, H. B., Yaşlı, F., & Temur, G. T. (2022, 2022//). Risk Analysis for the Tech Startup Projects with Fuzzy Logic. Paper presented at the Intelligent and Fuzzy Techniques for Emerging Conditions and Digital Transformation, Cham.
12. Botes, L. & Van Rensburg, D. (2000). Community participation in development: nine plagues and twelve commandments. Community Development Journal, 35(1), 41-58.
13. Castleberry, A. & Nolen, A. (2018). Thematic analysis of qualitative research data: Is it as easy as it sounds? Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 10(6), 807-815.
14. Charway, D. & Strandbu, Å. (2023). Participation of girls and women in community sport in Ghana: Cultural and structural barriers. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 10126902231214955.
15. Chowdhury, S. & Panday, P. K. (2018). Strengthening local governance in Bangladesh. Springer international publishing, 5(2), 169-181.
16. Cleaver, F. (2001). Institutions, agency and the limitations of participatory approaches to development. Participation: The new tyranny?, 36-55.
17. Costumado, M. & Chemane, J. A. D. (2024). Stakeholder Engagement and Community Participation in Sustainable Development in Southern Africa. In N. Tshishonga & I. Tshabangu (Eds.), Democratization of Africa and Its Impact on the Global Economy (pp. 48-72). Hershey, PA, USA: IGI Global.
18. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.): Sage publications.
19. Elias Sarker, A. (2006). The political economy of decentralized governance: an assessment of rural local government reforms in Bangladesh. International Journal of Public Administration, 29(13), 1285-1309.
20. Estomih Muro, J. & Namusonge, G. (2017). Governance Factors Affecting Community Participation In Public Development Projects In Meru District In Arusha In Tanzania.
21. Ezeudu, T. S. & Ezekwelu, K. C. (2024). Governmentality Perspective as a Contemporary Strategy for Rural Community Development in Nigeria. RUDN Journal of Public Administration, 11(1), 112-136. doi:10.22363/2312-8313-2024-11-1-112-136
22. Flick, U. (2014). An introduction to qualitative research (5th Ed.): Sage.
23. Flora Yvonne de, Q., Elsyan Reinette, M., & Sarlota, R. (2016). Study of Community Participation in the Process of Villages Infrastructure Development on Program PNPM Mandiri in Jayapura Regency. Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 7(2). doi:10.22610/jsds.v7i2.1304
24. Futrell, R. (2003). Technical adversarialism and participatory collaboration in the US chemical weapons disposal program. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 28(4), 451-482.
25. Geekiyanage, D., Fernando, T., & Keraminiyage, K. (2020). Assessing the state of the art in community engagement for participatory decision-making in disaster risk-sensitive urban development. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101847.
26. González Rivas, M. (2014). Decentralization, community participation, and improvement of water access in Mexico. Community Development, 45(1), 2-16.
27. Hamlet, L., Gutierrez, V., Soto, A., & Dickin, S. (2022). Barriers to women's participation, leadership, and empowerment in community-managed water and sanitation in rural Bolivia. H2Open Journal, 5(3), 532-548.
28. Islam, A. & Biswas, T. (2014). Health system in Bangladesh: challenges and opportunities. American Journal of Health Research, 2(6), 366-374.
29. Kala, D. & Bagri, S. (2018). Barriers to local community participation in tourism development: Evidence from mountainous state Uttarakhand, India. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 66(3), 318-333.
30. Kassen, M. (2021). Understanding decentralized civic engagement: Focus on peer-to-peer and blockchain-driven perspectives on e-participation. Technology in Society, 66, 101650.
31. Khanal, D. (2015). Gender and its relation with community Development and in context in Nepal.
32. Khatun, D. H. (2003). Integrating gender into World Bank financed transport programs: case study-Bangladesh Third Rural Infrastructure Development Project (RDP 21).
33. Klestil, M. (2023). Unveiling Subjection, Practicing Subjectivation: Race, Power, and Strategies of Rewriting the Self in Charles W. Chesnutt's The Marrow of Tradition. Power in Language, Culture, Literature and Education: Perspectives of English Studies, 28, 215.
34. Lewis, D. (2017). Organising and Representing the Poor in a Clientelistic Democracy: the Decline of Radical NGOs in Bangladesh. Journal of Development Studies, 53(10), 1545-1567. doi:10.1080/00220388.2017.1279732
35. Lewis, D. & Hossain, A. (2017). Revisiting the Local Power Structure in Bangladesh : Economic Gain, Political Pain?
36. Marshall, C. & Rossman, G. B. (2011). Managing, analyzing, and interpreting data. In C. Marshall & G. B. Rossman (Eds.), Designing Qualitative Research (5th ed., pp. 205-227): Sage.
37. Marzuki, A., Hay, I., & James, J. (2012). Public participation shortcomings in tourism planning: The case of the Langkawi Islands, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(4), 585-602.
38. Matarrita-Cascante, D., Lee, J. H., & Nam, J. W. (2020). What elements should be present in any community development initiative? Distinguishing community development from local development. Local Development & Society, 1(2), 95-115. doi:10.1080/26883597.2020.1829986
39. Merriam, S. B. & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Farncisco: John Wiley & Sons.
40. Mia, M. T., Islam, M., Sakin, J., & Al-Hamadi, J. (2022). The role of community participation and community-based planning in sustainable community development. Asian People Journal (APJ), 5(1), 31-41.
41. Mohammad, S. N. (2010). "Peoples Participation in Development Projects at Grass root Level: A Study on Alampur and Jagannathpur Union Parishad”. Masters Dissertation, NSUB, Bangladsh.
42. Montesanti, S. R. & Thurston, W. E. (2015). Mapping the role of structural and interpersonal violence in the lives of women: implications for public health interventions and policy. BMC women's health, 15(1), 1-13.
43. Mutie, B. M. (2022). Stakeholder participation in electoral process in Kenya. JKUAT-COETEC.
44. Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (Pearson New International ed.). London: Pearson Education Limited.
45. Nilsen, P., Wallerstedt, B., Behm, L., & Ahlström, G. (2018). Towards evidence-based palliative care in nursing homes in Sweden: a qualitative study informed by the organizational readiness to change theory. Implementation Science, 13(1), 1.
46. Okunade, B. A., Bukola, A., Adediran, F. E., Adewusi, O. E., Daraojimba, R. E., & Igbokwe, J. C. (2024). Community development programs in Rural Africa: An effectiveness review. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 11(1), 1217-1226.
47. Olum, Y. (2014). Decentralisation in developing countries: preconditions for successful implementation. Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance(15), 23-38.
48. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. & Leech, N. L. (2007). Validity and qualitative research: An oxymoron? Quality & Quantity, 41(2), 233-249.
49. Otieno, E. & Maria, Z. (2020). An Assessment of Rural Youth Participation in Community Development Projects in Turkana South Sub-County: An Approach to Community Development and Sustainable Development.
50. Owi, T. (2020). A governance framework for mitigating flood risks in Nigeria. (Doctoral Dissertation), University of Newcastle, Australia.
51. Panday, P. K. (2011). Local government system in Bangladesh: How far is it decentralised? Lex Localis-Journal of Local Self-Government, 9(3).
52. Panday, P. K. (2019). Public participation in local governments in Bangladesh: experience, challenges and the future. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 41(2), 85-96.
53. Panday, P. K. & Chowdhury, S. (2020). Responsiveness of local government officials: insights and lessons from participatory planning and budgeting. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 42(2), 132-151.
54. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks.Cal: Sage.
55. Pless, N. M. & Appel, J. (2012). In pursuit of dignity and social justice: Changing lives through 100% inclusion—How Gram Vikas fosters sustainable rural development. Journal of Business Ethics, 111, 389-411.
56. Ram, U., Strohschein, L., & Gaur, K. (2014). Gender socialization: Differences between male and female youth in India and associations with mental health. International Journal of Population Research, 2014.
57. Rigon, A. (2014). Building local governance: Participation and elite capture in slum‐upgrading in Kenya. Development and Change, 45(2), 257-283.
58. Rosli, N. M., Omar, D., & Ali, N. E. H. (2017). Participatory Planning Process for Community Resettlements Program. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(12), 2222-6990.
59. Seddiky, M., Giggins, H., & Gajendran, T. (2021). Non-DRR NGOs strategies for livelihood development in the coastal communities of Bangladesh: a case study. Natural Hazards, 1-21.
60. Seddiky, M. A. (2020). Decentralized Health Service Delivery System in Bangladesh: Evaluating Community Clinics in Promoting Healthcare for the Rural Poor. European Scientific Journal ESJ, 16(12). doi:10.19044/esj.2020.v16n12p253
61. Seddiky, M. A., Giggins, H., & Gajendran, T. (2020). International principles of disaster risk reduction informing NGOs strategies for community based DRR mainstreaming: The Bangladesh context. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 48, 101580.
62. Shrestha, R., Shen, Z., & Bhatta, K. D. (2024). Cultural Heritage Deterioration in the Historical Town ‘Thimi’. Buildings, 14(1). Retrieved from doi:10.3390/buildings14010244
63. Tosun, C. (2000). Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism management, 21(6), 613-633.
64. Tridimas, G. (2020). Modelling the quest for status in Ancient Greece: Paying for liturgies. Homo Oeconomicus, 37(3), 213-236.
65. Waheduzzaman, W. (2015). Community participation and local governance in Bangladesh Swinburne University of Technology. Australian Journal of Political Science, 50(1), 128-147.
66. WahedUzzaman, W. & Alam, Q. (2015). Democratic Culture and Participatory Local Governance in Bangladesh. Local Government Studies, 41(2), 260-279. doi:10.1080/03003930.2014.901217
67. Waheduzzaman, W. & As-Saber, S. (2015). Community participation and local governance in Bangladesh. Australian Journal of Political Science, 50(1), 128-147.
68. Wahyuni, D. (2012). The research design maze: Understanding paradigms, cases, methods and methodologies. Journal of applied management accounting research, 10(1), 69-80.
69. Wasilwa, C. & Wasilwa, F. (2015). Effect of community participation on sustainability of community based development projects in Kenya. Retrieved on March, 8, 2017.
70. Waweru, R. (2015). Factors which promote community participation in the community driven development approach. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies, 6959(13), 2349-6959.
71. Willis, K. (2006). Interviewing. Doing development research, 144-152.
72. Wodajo, D., Yiadom, K., & Asfaw, M. (2014). Improving People's Participation in Local Development Project: A Case of Urban Local Government in Oromia-Ethiopia. Develoing Country Studies, 4(8), 9-17.
Published
2024-07-31
How to Cite
Ara, E., Seddiky, M. A., Basit, A., & Khanam, R. (2024). Enhancing Community Participation in Local Development Projects: The Bangladesh Context. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 20(19), 84. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n19p84
Section
ESJ Social Sciences
Copyright (c) 2024 Esmat Ara, Md. Assraf Seddiky, Abdul Basit, Ruba Khanam
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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