Overview of Community Landslide and Flood Vulnerability in Northwestern Rwanda
Keywords:
Vulnerability, Disaster Risk Reduction, Flood, Landslide, Northwestern Rwanda
Abstract
Northwestern Rwanda is highly susceptible to landslides and floods. Understanding the community's vulnerability to these hazards is crucial for implementing effective mitigation measures. This study assesses the vulnerability of communities in Northwestern Rwanda through a household survey and interviews with key informants conducted in May-June 2022. A total of 158 households were randomly sampled from the study area to ensure representation across various socio-economic backgrounds and geographic locations. In addition, 22 key informants were randomly selected from among local leaders, including heads of cells and officials responsible for disaster risk reduction and management at district and sector levels. This approach was designed to complement the data collected from the households. The results indicate that landslides and floods are the primary hazards affecting the community in the study area. Agriculture livestock, and small businesses are the main income sources impacted by these hazards, with 88.7% of respondents heavily dependent on agriculture. Dependence on agriculture as the sole source of income (88.7%), low educational attainment (61.4%), low economic status (56.3%), and proximity to rivers or steep slopes were identified as significant contributors to community vulnerability. To mitigate landslide and flood risks in the study area, several preventative measures are being implemented. These include the relocation of residents from hazardous areas to safer locations, repairing and constructing rainwater drainage systems in flood-prone areas, development of radical terraces on hillsides, building of water channels, and establishment of early warning systems. Despite these efforts, a notable 69.5% of respondents have mentioned insufficient financial resources as a principal barrier to achieving effective implementation. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, underscoring the imperative for robust policies and programs aimed at mitigating the impacts of landslides and floods. The study recommends (1) increasing financial allocations to local administrative entities to bolster the execution of preventative measures against landslides and floods, and (2) enhancing educational initiatives and economic prospects to diminish community vulnerability. Addressing these areas is crucial for ensuring the well-being of inhabitants in the face of landslides and floods.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Metrics
Metrics Loading ...
References
1. Agrawal, N. (2018). Defining Natural Hazards – Large Scale Hazards. Natural Disasters and Risk Management in Canada, 49, 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1283-3_1
2. Aksha, S. K., Resler, L. M., Juran, L., & Jr, L. W. C. (2020). A geospatial analysis of multi-hazard risk in Dharan, Nepal. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19475705.2019.1710580
3. Alexander, D. (2018). Natural Disasters. Routledge.
4. Aloys HABIMANA. (2016). Assessment of community vulnerability to landslide in mountainous region of Rwanda.
5. Asio, J. M. (2021). Sources of Information, Training Needs, Preparation and Response to Disaster of Selected Communities in Central Luzon, Philippines. International Journal of Humanities, Management and Social Science (IJ-HuMaSS), 4(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ij-humass-0401.226
6. Birkmann, J. (Ed.). (2006). Measuring vulnerability to natural hazards: Towards disaster resilient societies. United Nations University.
7. Bizimana, H. (2015). Landslide Occurrences in The Hilly Areas of Rwanda, Their Causes and Protection Measures. 7.
8. Bokwa, A. (2013). Natural Hazard. In P. T. Bobrowsky (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards (pp. 711–718). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_248
9. Cutter, S. L., Boruff, B. J., & Shirley, W. L. (2003). Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards*. Social Science Quarterly, 84(2), 242–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.8402002
10. Depicker, A., Jacobs, L., Mboga, N., Smets, B., Van Rompaey, A., Lennert, M., Wolff, E., Kervyn, F., Michellier, C., Dewitte, O., & Govers, G. (2021). Historical dynamics of landslide risk from population and forest-cover changes in the Kivu Rift. Nature Sustainability, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00757-9
11. Dintwa, K. F., Letamo, G., & Navaneetham, K. (2019). Measuring social vulnerability to natural hazards at the district level in Botswana. Jàmbá Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v11i1.447
12. Flanagan, B. E., Gregory, E. W., Hallisey, E. J., Heitgerd, J. L., & Lewis, B. (2011). A Social Vulnerability Index for Disaster Management. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1792
13. Haddow, G. D., Bullock, J. A., & Coppola, D. P. (2020). Chapter 2—Natural and Technological Hazards and Risk Assessment. In G. D. Haddow, J. A. Bullock, & D. P. Coppola (Eds.), Introduction to Emergency Management (Seventh Edition) (pp. 33–84). Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817139-4.00002-6
14. Hejazi, S. J., Sharifi, A., & Arvin, M. (2022). Assessment of social vulnerability in areas exposed to multiple hazards: A case study of the Khuzestan Province, Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 78, 103127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103127
15. Herho, S. H. S., Riawan, E., Nugraha, C., Suwarman, R., Junnaedhi, I. D. G. A., & Irawan, D. E. (2018). An Early Development of Flood Inundation Mapping Method Using Free Android Application to Support Emergency Response Activities: Case Study Baleendah, Bandung, West Java (arXiv:1812.09500). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1812.09500
16. Hinkel, J. (2011). “Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity”: Towards a clarification of the science–policy interface. Global Environmental Change, 21(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.08.002
17. Hoffmann, R., & Blecha, D. (2020). Education and Disaster Vulnerability in Southeast Asia: Evidence and Policy Implications. Sustainability, 12(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041401
18. Hoffmann, R., & Muttarak, R. (2017). Learn from the Past, Prepare for the Future: Impacts of Education and Experience on Disaster Preparedness in the Philippines and Thailand. World Development, 96, 32–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.016
19. Ignacio, J. A. F., Cruz, G. T., Nardi, F., & Henry, S. (2016). Assessing the effectiveness of a social vulnerability index in predicting heterogeneity in the impacts of natural hazards: Case study of the Tropical Storm Washi flood in the Philippines. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 1, 91–129. https://doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2015s91
20. Ignacio, J. A., & Henry, S. (2015). Measuring social vulnerability to climate change-induced hazards in the Philippines. Presses universitaires de Namur.
21. Jerjawi, K. (2012). Methods of statistical analysis: An overview and critique of common practices in research studies. International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry, 5(1), 32–36. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLSE.2012.045528
22. Joseph, J. (2013). Measuring vulnerability to natural hazards: A macro framework. Disasters, 37(2), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2012.01299.x
23. Kamarudin, K. H., Razak, K. A., & Motoyama, E. (2022). Urban community perception on social vulnerability to disaster: The case of Bukit Antarabangsa, Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1082(1), 012008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1082/1/012008
24. K.C., S. (2013). Community Vulnerability to Floods and Landslides in Nepal. Ecology and Society, 18(1), art8. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05095-180108
25. Lindell, M., & Prater, C. (2003). Assessing Community Impacts of Natural Disasters. Natural Hazards Review, 4. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:4(176)
26. Maharani, Y. N., Lee, S., & Ki, S. J. (2016). Social vulnerability at a local level around the Merapi volcano. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 20, 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.10.012
27. Mavhura, E., Manyena, B., & Collins, A. E. (2017). An approach for measuring social vulnerability in context: The case of flood hazards in Muzarabani district, Zimbabwe. Geoforum, 86, 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.09.008
28. McNeill, C. C., Killian, T. S., Moon, Z., Way, K. A., & Betsy Garrison, M. E. (2018). The Relationship Between Perceptions of Emergency Preparedness, Disaster Experience, Health-Care Provider Education, and Emergency Preparedness Levels. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 38(4), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272684X18781792
29. Michellier, C., Pigeon, P., Kervyn, F., & Wolff, E. (2016). Contextualizing vulnerability assessment: A support to geo-risk management in central Africa. Natural Hazards, 82(S1), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2295-z
30. Michellier, C., Pigeon, P., Paillet, A., Trefon, T., Dewitte, O., & Kervyn, F. (2020). The Challenging Place of Natural Hazards in Disaster Risk Reduction Conceptual Models: Insights from Central Africa and the European Alps. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11(3), 316–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00273-y
31. MIDIMAR, M. of D. M. and R. A. (2015). National_Risk_Atlas_of_Rwanda_electronic_version.pdf.
32. Mind’je, R., Li, L., Nsengiyumva, J. B., Mupenzi, C., Nyesheja, E. M., Kayumba, P. M., Gasirabo, A., & Hakorimana, E. (2020). Landslide susceptibility and influencing factors analysis in Rwanda. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(8), 7985–8012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00557-4
33. Ministry of Emergency Management. (2017). Disaster occurrence and impacts in Rwanda. Kigali, Rwanda: MINEMA.
34. Ministry of Emergency Management. (2018). Disaster occurrence and impacts in Rwanda. Kigali, Rwanda: MINEMA.
35. Ministry of Emergency Management. (2019). Disaster occurrence and impacts in Rwanda. Kigali, Rwanda: MINEMA.
36. Ministry of Emergency Management. (2020). Disaster occurrence and impacts in Rwanda. Kigali, Rwanda: MINEMA.
37. Mugisha, P., Ngoga, A., Rutagengwa, J. D., Maniragaba, A., & Nahayo, L. (2020). Analysis of Landslide Vulnerability and Community Risk Awareness in Rwanda. 6(2), 9.
38. Nahayo, L., Nsengiyumva, J. B., Mupenzi, C., Mind’je, R., & Nyesheja, E. M. (2019). Climate Change Vulnerability in Rwanda, East Africa. International Journal of Geography and Geology, 8(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10.2019.81.1.9
39. Najafi, H., Shrestha, P. K., Rakovec, O., Apel, H., Vorogushyn, S., Kumar, R., Thober, S., Merz, B., & Samaniego, L. (2024). High-resolution impact-based early warning system for riverine flooding. Nature Communications, 15(1), 3726. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48065-y
40. Niringiye, A. (2012). Impact Evaluation of the UBUDEHE Programme.Aggrey Niringiye.pdf. Https://Jsd-Africa.Com/Jsda/Vol14No3-Summer2012A/PDF/Impact%20Evaluation%20of%20the%20UBUDEHE%20Programme.Aggrey%20Niringiye.Pdf. https://jsd-africa.com/Jsda/Vol14No3-Summer2012A/PDF/Impact%20Evaluation%20of%20the%20UBUDEHE%20Programme.Aggrey%20Niringiye.pdf
41. Niroumand, H., Zain, M. F. M., & Jamil, M. (2013). Statistical Methods for Comparison of Data Sets of Construction Methods and Building Evaluation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 89, 218–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.837
42. Nsengiyumva, J., Luo, G., Nahayo, L., Huang, X., & Cai, P. (2018). Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation Model in Rwanda. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020243
43. Opperman, J. J., & Galloway, G. E. (2022). Nature-based solutions for managing rising flood risk and delivering multiple benefits. One Earth, 5(5), 461–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.04.012
44. Pradeepkumar, A. P., University of Kerala, & University of Kerala (Eds.). (2014). Proceedings of the 2nd Disaster, Risk, and Vulnerability Conference: 24-26 April, 2014. Dept. of Geology, University of Kerala.
45. Quarantelli, E. L. (1999). Disaster Related Social Behavior: Summary of 50 Years of Research Findings. http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/289
46. Roncancio, D. J., & Nardocci, A. C. (2016). Social vulnerability to natural hazards in São Paulo, Brazil. Natural Hazards, 84(2), 1367–1383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2491-x
47. Rossignol, N., Delvenne, P., & Turcanu, C. (2015). Rethinking Vulnerability Analysis and Governance with Emphasis on a Participatory Approach: Rethinking Vulnerability Analysis and Governance. Risk Analysis, 35(1), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12233
48. Shi, P. (2019). Hazards, Disasters, and Risks. In P. Shi (Ed.), Disaster Risk Science (pp. 1–48). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6689-5_1
49. Siagian, T. H., Purhadi, P., Suhartono, S., & Ritonga, H. (2014). Social vulnerability to natural hazards in Indonesia: Driving factors and policy implications. Natural Hazards, 70(2), 1603–1617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0888-3
50. UNISDR. (2017). Landslide Hazard and Risk Assessment. Unisdr.Org. https://www.unisdr.org/files/52828_03landslidehazardandriskassessment.pdf
51. Uwihirwe, J., Hrachowitz, M., & Bogaard, T. A. (2020). Landslide precipitation thresholds in Rwanda. Landslides, 17(10), 2469–2481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01457-9
2. Aksha, S. K., Resler, L. M., Juran, L., & Jr, L. W. C. (2020). A geospatial analysis of multi-hazard risk in Dharan, Nepal. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19475705.2019.1710580
3. Alexander, D. (2018). Natural Disasters. Routledge.
4. Aloys HABIMANA. (2016). Assessment of community vulnerability to landslide in mountainous region of Rwanda.
5. Asio, J. M. (2021). Sources of Information, Training Needs, Preparation and Response to Disaster of Selected Communities in Central Luzon, Philippines. International Journal of Humanities, Management and Social Science (IJ-HuMaSS), 4(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ij-humass-0401.226
6. Birkmann, J. (Ed.). (2006). Measuring vulnerability to natural hazards: Towards disaster resilient societies. United Nations University.
7. Bizimana, H. (2015). Landslide Occurrences in The Hilly Areas of Rwanda, Their Causes and Protection Measures. 7.
8. Bokwa, A. (2013). Natural Hazard. In P. T. Bobrowsky (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards (pp. 711–718). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_248
9. Cutter, S. L., Boruff, B. J., & Shirley, W. L. (2003). Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards*. Social Science Quarterly, 84(2), 242–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.8402002
10. Depicker, A., Jacobs, L., Mboga, N., Smets, B., Van Rompaey, A., Lennert, M., Wolff, E., Kervyn, F., Michellier, C., Dewitte, O., & Govers, G. (2021). Historical dynamics of landslide risk from population and forest-cover changes in the Kivu Rift. Nature Sustainability, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00757-9
11. Dintwa, K. F., Letamo, G., & Navaneetham, K. (2019). Measuring social vulnerability to natural hazards at the district level in Botswana. Jàmbá Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v11i1.447
12. Flanagan, B. E., Gregory, E. W., Hallisey, E. J., Heitgerd, J. L., & Lewis, B. (2011). A Social Vulnerability Index for Disaster Management. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1792
13. Haddow, G. D., Bullock, J. A., & Coppola, D. P. (2020). Chapter 2—Natural and Technological Hazards and Risk Assessment. In G. D. Haddow, J. A. Bullock, & D. P. Coppola (Eds.), Introduction to Emergency Management (Seventh Edition) (pp. 33–84). Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817139-4.00002-6
14. Hejazi, S. J., Sharifi, A., & Arvin, M. (2022). Assessment of social vulnerability in areas exposed to multiple hazards: A case study of the Khuzestan Province, Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 78, 103127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103127
15. Herho, S. H. S., Riawan, E., Nugraha, C., Suwarman, R., Junnaedhi, I. D. G. A., & Irawan, D. E. (2018). An Early Development of Flood Inundation Mapping Method Using Free Android Application to Support Emergency Response Activities: Case Study Baleendah, Bandung, West Java (arXiv:1812.09500). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1812.09500
16. Hinkel, J. (2011). “Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity”: Towards a clarification of the science–policy interface. Global Environmental Change, 21(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.08.002
17. Hoffmann, R., & Blecha, D. (2020). Education and Disaster Vulnerability in Southeast Asia: Evidence and Policy Implications. Sustainability, 12(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041401
18. Hoffmann, R., & Muttarak, R. (2017). Learn from the Past, Prepare for the Future: Impacts of Education and Experience on Disaster Preparedness in the Philippines and Thailand. World Development, 96, 32–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.016
19. Ignacio, J. A. F., Cruz, G. T., Nardi, F., & Henry, S. (2016). Assessing the effectiveness of a social vulnerability index in predicting heterogeneity in the impacts of natural hazards: Case study of the Tropical Storm Washi flood in the Philippines. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 1, 91–129. https://doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2015s91
20. Ignacio, J. A., & Henry, S. (2015). Measuring social vulnerability to climate change-induced hazards in the Philippines. Presses universitaires de Namur.
21. Jerjawi, K. (2012). Methods of statistical analysis: An overview and critique of common practices in research studies. International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry, 5(1), 32–36. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLSE.2012.045528
22. Joseph, J. (2013). Measuring vulnerability to natural hazards: A macro framework. Disasters, 37(2), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2012.01299.x
23. Kamarudin, K. H., Razak, K. A., & Motoyama, E. (2022). Urban community perception on social vulnerability to disaster: The case of Bukit Antarabangsa, Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1082(1), 012008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1082/1/012008
24. K.C., S. (2013). Community Vulnerability to Floods and Landslides in Nepal. Ecology and Society, 18(1), art8. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05095-180108
25. Lindell, M., & Prater, C. (2003). Assessing Community Impacts of Natural Disasters. Natural Hazards Review, 4. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:4(176)
26. Maharani, Y. N., Lee, S., & Ki, S. J. (2016). Social vulnerability at a local level around the Merapi volcano. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 20, 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.10.012
27. Mavhura, E., Manyena, B., & Collins, A. E. (2017). An approach for measuring social vulnerability in context: The case of flood hazards in Muzarabani district, Zimbabwe. Geoforum, 86, 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.09.008
28. McNeill, C. C., Killian, T. S., Moon, Z., Way, K. A., & Betsy Garrison, M. E. (2018). The Relationship Between Perceptions of Emergency Preparedness, Disaster Experience, Health-Care Provider Education, and Emergency Preparedness Levels. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 38(4), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272684X18781792
29. Michellier, C., Pigeon, P., Kervyn, F., & Wolff, E. (2016). Contextualizing vulnerability assessment: A support to geo-risk management in central Africa. Natural Hazards, 82(S1), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2295-z
30. Michellier, C., Pigeon, P., Paillet, A., Trefon, T., Dewitte, O., & Kervyn, F. (2020). The Challenging Place of Natural Hazards in Disaster Risk Reduction Conceptual Models: Insights from Central Africa and the European Alps. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11(3), 316–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00273-y
31. MIDIMAR, M. of D. M. and R. A. (2015). National_Risk_Atlas_of_Rwanda_electronic_version.pdf.
32. Mind’je, R., Li, L., Nsengiyumva, J. B., Mupenzi, C., Nyesheja, E. M., Kayumba, P. M., Gasirabo, A., & Hakorimana, E. (2020). Landslide susceptibility and influencing factors analysis in Rwanda. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(8), 7985–8012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00557-4
33. Ministry of Emergency Management. (2017). Disaster occurrence and impacts in Rwanda. Kigali, Rwanda: MINEMA.
34. Ministry of Emergency Management. (2018). Disaster occurrence and impacts in Rwanda. Kigali, Rwanda: MINEMA.
35. Ministry of Emergency Management. (2019). Disaster occurrence and impacts in Rwanda. Kigali, Rwanda: MINEMA.
36. Ministry of Emergency Management. (2020). Disaster occurrence and impacts in Rwanda. Kigali, Rwanda: MINEMA.
37. Mugisha, P., Ngoga, A., Rutagengwa, J. D., Maniragaba, A., & Nahayo, L. (2020). Analysis of Landslide Vulnerability and Community Risk Awareness in Rwanda. 6(2), 9.
38. Nahayo, L., Nsengiyumva, J. B., Mupenzi, C., Mind’je, R., & Nyesheja, E. M. (2019). Climate Change Vulnerability in Rwanda, East Africa. International Journal of Geography and Geology, 8(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10.2019.81.1.9
39. Najafi, H., Shrestha, P. K., Rakovec, O., Apel, H., Vorogushyn, S., Kumar, R., Thober, S., Merz, B., & Samaniego, L. (2024). High-resolution impact-based early warning system for riverine flooding. Nature Communications, 15(1), 3726. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48065-y
40. Niringiye, A. (2012). Impact Evaluation of the UBUDEHE Programme.Aggrey Niringiye.pdf. Https://Jsd-Africa.Com/Jsda/Vol14No3-Summer2012A/PDF/Impact%20Evaluation%20of%20the%20UBUDEHE%20Programme.Aggrey%20Niringiye.Pdf. https://jsd-africa.com/Jsda/Vol14No3-Summer2012A/PDF/Impact%20Evaluation%20of%20the%20UBUDEHE%20Programme.Aggrey%20Niringiye.pdf
41. Niroumand, H., Zain, M. F. M., & Jamil, M. (2013). Statistical Methods for Comparison of Data Sets of Construction Methods and Building Evaluation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 89, 218–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.837
42. Nsengiyumva, J., Luo, G., Nahayo, L., Huang, X., & Cai, P. (2018). Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation Model in Rwanda. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020243
43. Opperman, J. J., & Galloway, G. E. (2022). Nature-based solutions for managing rising flood risk and delivering multiple benefits. One Earth, 5(5), 461–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.04.012
44. Pradeepkumar, A. P., University of Kerala, & University of Kerala (Eds.). (2014). Proceedings of the 2nd Disaster, Risk, and Vulnerability Conference: 24-26 April, 2014. Dept. of Geology, University of Kerala.
45. Quarantelli, E. L. (1999). Disaster Related Social Behavior: Summary of 50 Years of Research Findings. http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/289
46. Roncancio, D. J., & Nardocci, A. C. (2016). Social vulnerability to natural hazards in São Paulo, Brazil. Natural Hazards, 84(2), 1367–1383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2491-x
47. Rossignol, N., Delvenne, P., & Turcanu, C. (2015). Rethinking Vulnerability Analysis and Governance with Emphasis on a Participatory Approach: Rethinking Vulnerability Analysis and Governance. Risk Analysis, 35(1), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12233
48. Shi, P. (2019). Hazards, Disasters, and Risks. In P. Shi (Ed.), Disaster Risk Science (pp. 1–48). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6689-5_1
49. Siagian, T. H., Purhadi, P., Suhartono, S., & Ritonga, H. (2014). Social vulnerability to natural hazards in Indonesia: Driving factors and policy implications. Natural Hazards, 70(2), 1603–1617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0888-3
50. UNISDR. (2017). Landslide Hazard and Risk Assessment. Unisdr.Org. https://www.unisdr.org/files/52828_03landslidehazardandriskassessment.pdf
51. Uwihirwe, J., Hrachowitz, M., & Bogaard, T. A. (2020). Landslide precipitation thresholds in Rwanda. Landslides, 17(10), 2469–2481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01457-9
Published
2024-08-08
How to Cite
Idukunda, C., Henry, S., Twarabamenye, E., & De Longueville, F. (2024). Overview of Community Landslide and Flood Vulnerability in Northwestern Rwanda. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 32, 70. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/18425
Section
ESI Preprints
Copyright (c) 2024 Clemence Idukunda, Sabine Henry, Emmanuel Twarabamenye, Florence De Longueville
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
.jpg)
