Dynamique d’occupation des sols et perceptions paysannes au Sud-ouest du Niger : Cas du bassin versant du Kori Ouallam
Keywords:
Occupation des sols, Données landsat, Enquête ethnobotanique, Sahel, Sud-ouest du Niger
Abstract
Au Sahel, la dégradation exacerbée des ressources naturelles demeure toujours une contrainte majeure pour la mise en œuvre effective des stratégies de développement durable. Cette étude réalisée à l’échelle du bassin versant du Kori Ouallam (Sud-ouest du Niger), vise à examiner les changements environnementaux survenus entre 1972 et 2019 et les forces motrices qui en découlent. L’approche méthodologique préconisée implique l’exploitation des données landsat soutenues par des campagnes d’échantillonnage et des enquêtes de terrain de type ethnobotanique. Les résultats obtenus témoignent que sur le bassin versant du Kori Ouallam, les unités d’occupation des sols ont connu des mutations profondes. Celles-ci se manifestent entre autres par un déclin progressif de la couverture végétale qui passe de 32,47 % à 15,64 % entre 1972 et 1986 à seulement 11,15 % en 2019. Cependant, la proportion des surfaces cultivées a augmenté de manière significative (près de 50 %) oscillant entre 25,18 % et 50,97 % pour la période 1972 à 2019. Les sols nus des plateaux et talus ont connu une évolution sporadique allant de 42,34 % à 56,33 % entre1972 et 1986 puis 37,53 % en 2019. L’enquête ethnobotanique montre que 61 % des espèces ligneuses de la zone ont disparu avec une prédominance des espèces appartenant à la famille des Capparaceae, Malvaceae et Rubiaceae. Les autres espèces ligneuses jugées menacées, conservées et introduites, représentent respectivement 20 %, 9 % et 10 % issues en partie de la famille des Fabaceae. L’analyse combinée des différents résultats atteste que l’hostilité du climat et la pression anthropique accrue exercée sur les ressources naturelles constituent les principales forces motrices à l’origine de ces mutations. Il découle de cette étude qu’au Sud-ouest du Niger, la vulnérabilité des écosystèmes pourrait à long terme moduler une tendance à un déséquilibre écologique avec des conséquences drastiques sur la résilience des communautés.
In the Sahel, the exacerbated degradation of natural resources remains a major constraint to the effective implementation of sustainable development strategies. This study, carried out on the scale of the Kori Ouallam watershed (southwestern Niger), aims to examine the environmental changes that have occurred between 1972 and 2019 and the driving forces behind them. The adopted methodological approach involves the use of landsat data supported by sampling campaigns and ethnobotanical field surveys. The results show that land use units in the Kori Ouallam watershed have undergone profound mutations. These include a gradual decline in vegetation cover, from 32.47 % to 15.64 % between 1972 and 1986, to just 11.15 % in 2019. However, between 1972 and 2019 there was a significant increase in the proportion of cultivated land (almost 50 %), ranging from 25.18 % to 50.97 %. Bare soils on plateaux and talus have undergone sporadic changes, ranging from 42.34 % to 56.33 % between 1972 and 1986, then 37.53 % in 2019.The ethnobotanical survey shows that 61 % of the woody species in the area have disappeared, with a predominance of species belonging to the Capparaceae, Malvaceae and Rubiaceae families. Other woody species considered threatened, conserved and introduced, represent respectively 20 %, 9 % and 10 %, partly from the Fabaceae family. The combined analysis of the various results shows that a hostile climate and increased human pressure on natural resources are the main driving forces behind these mutations. It follows from this study that in the Southwestern of Niger, the vulnerability of ecosystems could in the long term modulate a trend towards ecological imbalance, with drastic consequences for the resilience of communities.
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Published
2024-11-16
How to Cite
Noma Adamou, S., Daoudi, L., & Abdourhamane Touré, A. (2024). Dynamique d’occupation des sols et perceptions paysannes au Sud-ouest du Niger : Cas du bassin versant du Kori Ouallam. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 35, 257. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/18769
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Copyright (c) 2024 Salifou Noma Adamou, Lahcen Daoudi, Amadou Abdourhamane Touré
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