Réinsertion des enfants en situation de rue : Pluralité de parcours et approches adoptées
Keywords:
Enfant en situation de rue, réunification familiale, réinsertion, Burundi
Abstract
Cette recherche a pour objectif de comprendre les stratégies de réinsertion des enfants en situation de rue en usage au Burundi, ainsi que les logiques qui les sous-tendent. Pour collecter les données, nous avons utilisé les entretiens semi-structurés et les observations directes et indirectes des enfants en situation de rue et des acteurs impliqués dans la protection. L'analyse du corpus empirique de 46 interviewés nous a permis de mettre en évidence des stratégies de réinsertion entourées par divers défis, mais aussi des opportunités. L’approche répressive semble prédominer dans ce travail, et ce sont les rafles intempestives qui sont souvent utilisées par la police et ses collaborateurs. L’exposition répétitive à des rafles policières peut causer, en plus du stress, un traumatisme sévère aux enfants en situation de rue. Bon nombre de nos interviewés, y compris les assistants sociaux, témoignent que le programme de retrait des enfants en situation de rue n’a pas été bien préparé, car certains d’entre eux ignorent même ses objectifs. Les mouvements de retour de ces enfants témoignent d'un signe de résistance, et sont à l’origine de mépris et d’auto-accusation entre acteurs. Les résultats démontrent la nécessité d’adopter des approches différenciées et adaptées à la spécificité de chaque enfant. Il est important que la société burundaise soit conscientisée de la diversité des parcours de ces enfants, et ainsi penser à des solutions qui répondent convenablement à leurs besoins.
This research aims to understand the strategies used in Burundi to reintegrate street children and the rationale behind them. To collect data, we used semi-structured interviews and direct and indirect observations of street children and actors involved in protection. Analysis of the empirical corpus of 46 interviewees enabled us to highlight reintegration strategies surrounded by various challenges, but also opportunities. The repressive approach seems to predominate in this work, and the police and their collaborators often use untimely raids. Repeated exposure to police raids can cause severe trauma to street children, in addition to stress. Many of our interviewees, including social workers, testify that the street children removal program has not been well prepared, as some of them are even unaware of its objectives. The return movements of these children are a sign of resistance and a source of contempt and self-accusation between actors. These results demonstrate the need for differentiated approaches tailored to the specific needs of each child. It is important for Burundian society to be aware of the diversity of these children's backgrounds, and to think of solutions that respond appropriately to their needs.
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References
1. Alem, H. W., & Laha, A. (2016). Livelihood of Street Children and the Role of Social Intervention : Insights from Literature Using Meta‐Analysis Child Development Research, 2016(1), 3582101.
2. Bertaux, D. (1997). Les récits de vie. Paris : Nathan. SANSÉAU / Les récits de vie comme stratégie d’accès au réel.
3. Better Care Network, Child Protection in Crisis Network, Child Recovery and Reintegration Network, Family for Every Child, International Rescue Committee, Maestral International, Retrak, Save the Children, War Child Holland and Women’s Refugee Commission (2013). Reaching for Home : Global Learning on Family Reintegration in Low and Lower-Middle-Income Countries Londres : Family for Every Child.
4. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.
5. Bullock, R., Gooch, D., & Little, M. (1998). Children Going Home : The Reunification of Families. Aldershot : The Dartington Social Research Series, Ashgate, 261 p.
6. Coren, E., Hossain, R., Pardo, J. P., Veras, M. M., Chakraborty, K., Harris, H., & Martin, A. J. (2013). Interventions for promoting reintegration and reducing harmful behaviour and lifestyles in street-connected children and young people : A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 9(1), 1–171. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2013.6
7. Corcoran, S. L., & Wakia, J. (2016). Using child well-being assessments to track progress in family-based reintegration. Global Social Welfare, 3, 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40609-016-0061-5.
8. Deslauriers, J. P. (1991). Recherche qualitative, guide pratique. Montréal : McGraw-Hill.10. Dewees A, Klees SJ. (1995). Social movements and the transformation of national policy : street and working children in Brazil Comput Educ Rev 1995 39 :76–100.
9. Dramé, F. (2010). Nàndité : enquête sur les enfants des rues à Dakar. Sénégal : Unicef Sénégal.
10. Embleton, L., Atwoli, L., Ayuku, D., & Braitstein, P. (2013) The Journey of Addiction : Barriers to and Facilitators of Drug Use Cessation among Street Children and Youths in Western Kenya PLoS ONE 8(1) : e53435. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053435
11. Ennew, J. (2000). Street and Working Children : A Guide to Planning. London : Save the Children.
12. Goffman, E. (1968). Asiles. Études sur la condition sociale des malades mentaux et autres reclus. Paris, Minuit [éd. originale 1961].
13. Fernandez, E. (1999). Pathways in Substitute Care : Representation of Placement Careers of Children Using Event History Analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 21(3), 177-216.
14. Fluke, J. D., Goldman, P. S., Shriberg, J., Hillis, S. D., Yun, K., Allison, S., & Light, E. (2012). Systems, strategies, and interventions for sustainable long-term care and protection of children with a history of living outside of family care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(10), 722–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.09.005.
15. Frimpong-Manso, K., & Bugyei, A. G. (2019). The challenges facing children reunified with their families from an orphanage in Ghana. Children & Society, 33(4), 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12314.
16. Gaetz, S. (2004). Safe streets for whom ? Homeless youth, social exclusion, and criminal victimization Can. J. Criminol. Crim. Justice 46, 423–455. doi : 10.3138/cjccj.46.4.423.
17. Gahungu, L. (2023). Corporal Punishment as an Educational Practice for Burundian Children's Maladaptive Behavior : The Assessment of the Disposition of Children Education Stakeholders ESI Preprints, 21, 603-603.
18. Gahungu, L., Simbananiye, L., & Glowacz, F. (2024). Children in Street Situations, Their Determinants, Survival and Strategies Case of the City of Bujumbura. European Scientific Journal, 20(5).
19. Goblet, M. & Glowacz, F. (2021). Le slut shaming : étude qualitative d’une forme de sexisme ordinaire dans le discours et les représentations d’adolescents. Enjeux et société, 8(1), pp. 249-276.
20. Goerge & Robert, M. (1990). The reunification process in substitute care Social Service Review, 422-457.
21. Goodman, M. L., Gibson, D. C., Baker, L., & Seidel, S. E. (2020). Family-level factors to reintegrate street-involved children in low- and middle-income countries : A scoping review Children and Youth Services Review, 109, 104664.
22. Greenwald & Carol., A. (1998). Characteristics of Social Workers and Families That Affect Family Reunification Outcomes Mémoire de maîtrise en service social. Californie : California State University.
23. Greeson, J. K., Gyourko, J. R., Wasch, S., & Page, C. S. (2024). Reintegration of street‐connected children in Kenya : Evaluation of Agape Children's Ministry's Family Strengthening Programme. Child & Family Social Work.
24. Guo., Shenyang &Wells., Kathleen (2003). Research on Timing of Foster Care Outcomes : One Methodological Problem and Approaches to Its Solution Social Service Review, mars, 1-24.
25. Kidd, S. A. (2003). Street youth : coping and interventions. Child Adolesc. Soc. Work J. 20, 235–261. doi : 10.1023/A : 1024552808179
26. Lanzarini, C. (2003). Survivre à la rue. Violences faites aux femmes et relations avec les institutions d’aide sociale. Cahiers du genre, (2), 95-115.
27. Lashari, A., Kakepoto, H., Ali, Z., & Ibrar, M. (2023). Causes Associated with the Growing Number of Street Children in Urban Cities of Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3(2), 382-392.https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.276
28. Le Roux, J. (1996). Street children in South Africa : findings from interviews on the background of street children in Pretoria, South Africa. Adolescence 31, 423–431.
29. Lusk, M.W. (1989). Street children programs in Latin America Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 1989;16:55–77.77
30. McAlpine K., Henley R., Mueller M., and Vetter S., A survey of street children in Northern Tanzania : how abuse or support factors may influence migration to the street, Community Mental Health Journal. (2010) 46, no. 1, 26–32, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-009-9196-5, 2-s2.0-77952299153.
31. Mann G. (2014). Going Home : Children’s Reintegration in Mexico, Moldova and Nepal. London, UK : Family for Every Child, 2014.
32. Mayer, R., Ouellet, F., et al. (2000). Méthodes de recherche en intervention sociale, Gaétan Morin éditeur.
33. Muguwe, E., Taruvinga, F. C., Manyumwa, E., & Shoko, N. (2011). Reintegration of institutionalized children into society : A case study of Zimbabwe Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 13(8), 142–149.
34. Naterer, A., Lavrič, M. Using Social Indicators in Assessing Factors and Numbers of Street Children in the World. Child Indicators Research 9, 21–37 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9306-6
35. Ochola, L. (1996). Eviction and homelessness : the impact on African children. Dev. Pract. 6, 340–347.
36. Palazzolo, J., Bedwani, M., & Tassiba, M. E. (2008). Les exclus de la cité : regard anthropologique et psychopathologique sur les enfants des rues (Riveneuve). Paris.
37. Paterson, B.L., Panessa, C. (2008). Engagement as an ethical imperative in harm reduction involving at-risk youth International Journal of Drug Policy, 19(1) :24-32.
38. Panter-Brick C. (2002). Street children, human rights, and public health : a critique and future directions. Annual Review of Anthropology 2002 ;31 :147-71.
39. Pine, Barbara A. ; Warsh, Robin et Maluccio, Anthony N. (1993). Together Again : Family Reunification in Foster Care. Washington, D.C. : Child Welfare League of America, 215 p.
40. Pinheiro, P. (2006). World Report on Violence against Children. New York : United Nations Secretary General’s Study on Violence against Children.
41. Pirot, B. (2004). Enfants des rues d'Afrique centrale. KARTHALA Éditions.
42. Plummer, M. L., Kudrati, M., & Yousif, N. D. E. H. (2007). Beginning street life : Factors contributing to children working and living on the streets of Khartoum, Sudan Children and Youth Services Review, 29(12), 1520-1536.
43. Puffer, E. S., Giusto, A., Rieder, A. D., Friis-Healy, E., Ayuku, D., & Green, E. P. (2021a). Development of the Family Togetherness Scale : A mixed-methods validation study in Kenya Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 662991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662991
44. Rémy, P.L. (1999). Comment agir ? L'aide à la parentalité – Être parent, ce n'est pas toujours facile. La santé de l'homme, septembre-octobre 1999, n° 343.
45. Scanlon, T., Scanlon, F., Nobre Lamarao, M.L. (1993). Working with street children.Development in Practice 1993 : 3 :16–26.
46. Scanlon, T. J., Tomkins, A., Lynch, M. A., and Scanlon, F. (1998). Street children in Latin America Br. Med. J. 316, 1596–1600. doi : 10.1136/bmj.316.7144.1596
47. Schimmel, N. (2008). A humanistic approach to caring for street children : The importance of emotionally intimate and supportive relationships for the successful rehabilitation of street children. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 3(3), 214–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450120802032883
48. Teare, John F., Peterson, Roger W., Authier, Karen., Schroeder, Linda et Daly., & Daniel L. (1998). Maternal Satisfaction Following Shelter Placement : Child, Family and Program Correlates. Child and Youth Care Forum, 27(2), 126-137.
49. Thiétart, R.-A. (dir.), (1999). Méthodes de recherche en management. Paris : Dunod.
50. Thomas de Benitez S. (2011). State of the World Street Children : Research. London : CSC, 2011.
51. Thomas de Benitez, S. (2007). State of the World’s Street Children : Violence Street Children Series. London : Consortium of Street Children.
52. Thomlison., Barbara., Maluccio, Anthony, N. et Abramczyk, Lois W. (1996). The theory Policy,cy and practice context of family reunification : An integrated research perspective. Children and Youth Services Review, 18(4/5), 473-488.
53. Trentesaux, Th. (2008). Le soin sous conditions : un moyen de préserver l’avenir de l’enfant ? Réflexion éthique en odontologie pédiatrique, 2008, Mémoire, université Paris Descartes.
54. United Nations General Assembly. (2019). Resolution on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved from https://bettercarenetwork.org/library/social-welfare-systems/child-care-and-protection-policies/2020-unga-resolution-on-the-rights-of-the-child.
55. Van IJzendoorn, V. M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Duschinsky, R., Fox, N. A., Goldman, P. S., Gunnar, M. R., Johnson, D. E., Nelson, C. A., Reijman, S., Skinner, G. C. M., Zeanah, C. H., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2020). Institutionalisation and deinstitutionalisation of children 1 : A systematic and integrative review of evidence regarding effects on development. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(8), 703–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30399-2.
56. Wachira, J., Kamanda, A., Embleton, L., Naanyu, V., Winston, S., Ayuku, D., & Braitstein, P. (2015). Initiation to street life : A qualitative examination of the physical, social, and psychological practices in becoming an accepted member of the street youth community in Western Kenya BMC Public Health, 15(1), 569. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1942 8
57. Wedge J, Krumholz A, Jones L. (2013). Reaching for home : global learning on family reintegration in low and lower-middle income countries, 1-52.
58. Whitehead A. and Hashim I. (2005). Children and migration, Background Paper for DFID Migration Team, 2005, http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/dfid_05_child_mig_bac_0408.pdf
59. Wilke, N. G., Howard, A. H., & Forber Pratt, I. (2023). Needs in an era of COVID-19 : A preliminary investigation of self-reported needs of families who experienced rapid return as a result of government mandates. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 18, 406–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2022.2081393.
60. Woan, J., Lin, J., & Auerswald, C. (2013). The health status of street children and youth in low-and middle-income countries : a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(3), 314-321.
61. Young, L. (2004). Journeys to the street : the complex migration geographies of Ugandan street children. Geoforum 35, 471–488. doi : 10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.09.005.
2. Bertaux, D. (1997). Les récits de vie. Paris : Nathan. SANSÉAU / Les récits de vie comme stratégie d’accès au réel.
3. Better Care Network, Child Protection in Crisis Network, Child Recovery and Reintegration Network, Family for Every Child, International Rescue Committee, Maestral International, Retrak, Save the Children, War Child Holland and Women’s Refugee Commission (2013). Reaching for Home : Global Learning on Family Reintegration in Low and Lower-Middle-Income Countries Londres : Family for Every Child.
4. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.
5. Bullock, R., Gooch, D., & Little, M. (1998). Children Going Home : The Reunification of Families. Aldershot : The Dartington Social Research Series, Ashgate, 261 p.
6. Coren, E., Hossain, R., Pardo, J. P., Veras, M. M., Chakraborty, K., Harris, H., & Martin, A. J. (2013). Interventions for promoting reintegration and reducing harmful behaviour and lifestyles in street-connected children and young people : A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 9(1), 1–171. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2013.6
7. Corcoran, S. L., & Wakia, J. (2016). Using child well-being assessments to track progress in family-based reintegration. Global Social Welfare, 3, 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40609-016-0061-5.
8. Deslauriers, J. P. (1991). Recherche qualitative, guide pratique. Montréal : McGraw-Hill.10. Dewees A, Klees SJ. (1995). Social movements and the transformation of national policy : street and working children in Brazil Comput Educ Rev 1995 39 :76–100.
9. Dramé, F. (2010). Nàndité : enquête sur les enfants des rues à Dakar. Sénégal : Unicef Sénégal.
10. Embleton, L., Atwoli, L., Ayuku, D., & Braitstein, P. (2013) The Journey of Addiction : Barriers to and Facilitators of Drug Use Cessation among Street Children and Youths in Western Kenya PLoS ONE 8(1) : e53435. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053435
11. Ennew, J. (2000). Street and Working Children : A Guide to Planning. London : Save the Children.
12. Goffman, E. (1968). Asiles. Études sur la condition sociale des malades mentaux et autres reclus. Paris, Minuit [éd. originale 1961].
13. Fernandez, E. (1999). Pathways in Substitute Care : Representation of Placement Careers of Children Using Event History Analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 21(3), 177-216.
14. Fluke, J. D., Goldman, P. S., Shriberg, J., Hillis, S. D., Yun, K., Allison, S., & Light, E. (2012). Systems, strategies, and interventions for sustainable long-term care and protection of children with a history of living outside of family care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(10), 722–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.09.005.
15. Frimpong-Manso, K., & Bugyei, A. G. (2019). The challenges facing children reunified with their families from an orphanage in Ghana. Children & Society, 33(4), 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12314.
16. Gaetz, S. (2004). Safe streets for whom ? Homeless youth, social exclusion, and criminal victimization Can. J. Criminol. Crim. Justice 46, 423–455. doi : 10.3138/cjccj.46.4.423.
17. Gahungu, L. (2023). Corporal Punishment as an Educational Practice for Burundian Children's Maladaptive Behavior : The Assessment of the Disposition of Children Education Stakeholders ESI Preprints, 21, 603-603.
18. Gahungu, L., Simbananiye, L., & Glowacz, F. (2024). Children in Street Situations, Their Determinants, Survival and Strategies Case of the City of Bujumbura. European Scientific Journal, 20(5).
19. Goblet, M. & Glowacz, F. (2021). Le slut shaming : étude qualitative d’une forme de sexisme ordinaire dans le discours et les représentations d’adolescents. Enjeux et société, 8(1), pp. 249-276.
20. Goerge & Robert, M. (1990). The reunification process in substitute care Social Service Review, 422-457.
21. Goodman, M. L., Gibson, D. C., Baker, L., & Seidel, S. E. (2020). Family-level factors to reintegrate street-involved children in low- and middle-income countries : A scoping review Children and Youth Services Review, 109, 104664.
22. Greenwald & Carol., A. (1998). Characteristics of Social Workers and Families That Affect Family Reunification Outcomes Mémoire de maîtrise en service social. Californie : California State University.
23. Greeson, J. K., Gyourko, J. R., Wasch, S., & Page, C. S. (2024). Reintegration of street‐connected children in Kenya : Evaluation of Agape Children's Ministry's Family Strengthening Programme. Child & Family Social Work.
24. Guo., Shenyang &Wells., Kathleen (2003). Research on Timing of Foster Care Outcomes : One Methodological Problem and Approaches to Its Solution Social Service Review, mars, 1-24.
25. Kidd, S. A. (2003). Street youth : coping and interventions. Child Adolesc. Soc. Work J. 20, 235–261. doi : 10.1023/A : 1024552808179
26. Lanzarini, C. (2003). Survivre à la rue. Violences faites aux femmes et relations avec les institutions d’aide sociale. Cahiers du genre, (2), 95-115.
27. Lashari, A., Kakepoto, H., Ali, Z., & Ibrar, M. (2023). Causes Associated with the Growing Number of Street Children in Urban Cities of Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3(2), 382-392.https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.276
28. Le Roux, J. (1996). Street children in South Africa : findings from interviews on the background of street children in Pretoria, South Africa. Adolescence 31, 423–431.
29. Lusk, M.W. (1989). Street children programs in Latin America Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 1989;16:55–77.77
30. McAlpine K., Henley R., Mueller M., and Vetter S., A survey of street children in Northern Tanzania : how abuse or support factors may influence migration to the street, Community Mental Health Journal. (2010) 46, no. 1, 26–32, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-009-9196-5, 2-s2.0-77952299153.
31. Mann G. (2014). Going Home : Children’s Reintegration in Mexico, Moldova and Nepal. London, UK : Family for Every Child, 2014.
32. Mayer, R., Ouellet, F., et al. (2000). Méthodes de recherche en intervention sociale, Gaétan Morin éditeur.
33. Muguwe, E., Taruvinga, F. C., Manyumwa, E., & Shoko, N. (2011). Reintegration of institutionalized children into society : A case study of Zimbabwe Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 13(8), 142–149.
34. Naterer, A., Lavrič, M. Using Social Indicators in Assessing Factors and Numbers of Street Children in the World. Child Indicators Research 9, 21–37 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9306-6
35. Ochola, L. (1996). Eviction and homelessness : the impact on African children. Dev. Pract. 6, 340–347.
36. Palazzolo, J., Bedwani, M., & Tassiba, M. E. (2008). Les exclus de la cité : regard anthropologique et psychopathologique sur les enfants des rues (Riveneuve). Paris.
37. Paterson, B.L., Panessa, C. (2008). Engagement as an ethical imperative in harm reduction involving at-risk youth International Journal of Drug Policy, 19(1) :24-32.
38. Panter-Brick C. (2002). Street children, human rights, and public health : a critique and future directions. Annual Review of Anthropology 2002 ;31 :147-71.
39. Pine, Barbara A. ; Warsh, Robin et Maluccio, Anthony N. (1993). Together Again : Family Reunification in Foster Care. Washington, D.C. : Child Welfare League of America, 215 p.
40. Pinheiro, P. (2006). World Report on Violence against Children. New York : United Nations Secretary General’s Study on Violence against Children.
41. Pirot, B. (2004). Enfants des rues d'Afrique centrale. KARTHALA Éditions.
42. Plummer, M. L., Kudrati, M., & Yousif, N. D. E. H. (2007). Beginning street life : Factors contributing to children working and living on the streets of Khartoum, Sudan Children and Youth Services Review, 29(12), 1520-1536.
43. Puffer, E. S., Giusto, A., Rieder, A. D., Friis-Healy, E., Ayuku, D., & Green, E. P. (2021a). Development of the Family Togetherness Scale : A mixed-methods validation study in Kenya Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 662991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662991
44. Rémy, P.L. (1999). Comment agir ? L'aide à la parentalité – Être parent, ce n'est pas toujours facile. La santé de l'homme, septembre-octobre 1999, n° 343.
45. Scanlon, T., Scanlon, F., Nobre Lamarao, M.L. (1993). Working with street children.Development in Practice 1993 : 3 :16–26.
46. Scanlon, T. J., Tomkins, A., Lynch, M. A., and Scanlon, F. (1998). Street children in Latin America Br. Med. J. 316, 1596–1600. doi : 10.1136/bmj.316.7144.1596
47. Schimmel, N. (2008). A humanistic approach to caring for street children : The importance of emotionally intimate and supportive relationships for the successful rehabilitation of street children. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 3(3), 214–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450120802032883
48. Teare, John F., Peterson, Roger W., Authier, Karen., Schroeder, Linda et Daly., & Daniel L. (1998). Maternal Satisfaction Following Shelter Placement : Child, Family and Program Correlates. Child and Youth Care Forum, 27(2), 126-137.
49. Thiétart, R.-A. (dir.), (1999). Méthodes de recherche en management. Paris : Dunod.
50. Thomas de Benitez S. (2011). State of the World Street Children : Research. London : CSC, 2011.
51. Thomas de Benitez, S. (2007). State of the World’s Street Children : Violence Street Children Series. London : Consortium of Street Children.
52. Thomlison., Barbara., Maluccio, Anthony, N. et Abramczyk, Lois W. (1996). The theory Policy,cy and practice context of family reunification : An integrated research perspective. Children and Youth Services Review, 18(4/5), 473-488.
53. Trentesaux, Th. (2008). Le soin sous conditions : un moyen de préserver l’avenir de l’enfant ? Réflexion éthique en odontologie pédiatrique, 2008, Mémoire, université Paris Descartes.
54. United Nations General Assembly. (2019). Resolution on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved from https://bettercarenetwork.org/library/social-welfare-systems/child-care-and-protection-policies/2020-unga-resolution-on-the-rights-of-the-child.
55. Van IJzendoorn, V. M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Duschinsky, R., Fox, N. A., Goldman, P. S., Gunnar, M. R., Johnson, D. E., Nelson, C. A., Reijman, S., Skinner, G. C. M., Zeanah, C. H., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2020). Institutionalisation and deinstitutionalisation of children 1 : A systematic and integrative review of evidence regarding effects on development. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(8), 703–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30399-2.
56. Wachira, J., Kamanda, A., Embleton, L., Naanyu, V., Winston, S., Ayuku, D., & Braitstein, P. (2015). Initiation to street life : A qualitative examination of the physical, social, and psychological practices in becoming an accepted member of the street youth community in Western Kenya BMC Public Health, 15(1), 569. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1942 8
57. Wedge J, Krumholz A, Jones L. (2013). Reaching for home : global learning on family reintegration in low and lower-middle income countries, 1-52.
58. Whitehead A. and Hashim I. (2005). Children and migration, Background Paper for DFID Migration Team, 2005, http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/dfid_05_child_mig_bac_0408.pdf
59. Wilke, N. G., Howard, A. H., & Forber Pratt, I. (2023). Needs in an era of COVID-19 : A preliminary investigation of self-reported needs of families who experienced rapid return as a result of government mandates. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 18, 406–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2022.2081393.
60. Woan, J., Lin, J., & Auerswald, C. (2013). The health status of street children and youth in low-and middle-income countries : a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(3), 314-321.
61. Young, L. (2004). Journeys to the street : the complex migration geographies of Ugandan street children. Geoforum 35, 471–488. doi : 10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.09.005.
Published
2025-02-28
How to Cite
Gahungu, L., Simbananiye , L., & Glowacz, F. (2025). Réinsertion des enfants en situation de rue : Pluralité de parcours et approches adoptées. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 21(5), 158. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2025.v21n5p158
Section
ESJ Humanities
Copyright (c) 2025 Ladislas Gahungu, Léandre Simbananiye , Fabienne Glowacz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
