Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Ajuga iva leaf extract and evaluating their antibacterial activity against E. coli and Streptococcus Bacteria
Keywords:
Ajuga ive Leaf, Silver Nanoparticles, Antibacterial Activity, E. coli
Abstract
Silver nanoparticle synthesis from plant extracts has been widely used in medicine. Potential applications of silver nanoparticles include wound dressings, prosthetic and surgical instrument coatings, drug delivery, and an antimicrobial agent. The present study prepared and tested an aqueous extract of Ajuga iva leaves for its phytochemical components. The results of the phytochemical analysis of Ajuga iva leaf extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and coumarins. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the Ajuga iva leaf extract in a 1 mM solution of silver nitrate. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized with UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrum. SEM analysis revealed the size of the AgNPs of 36 nm, 55 nm, 70 nm, 100 nm, and 300 nm. The EDX study showed that the optical absorption peak was detected at 3 keV, the characteristic peak for the absorbed metallic silver nanoparticles. FTIR analysis identified the possible functional group involved in the reduction of silver metal ions into silver nanoparticles. In addition, the antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles was also examined and the results showed good antibacterial activities against E. coli and Streptococcus bacteria.
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References
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21. Diafat A., Arrar L., Derradji Y., Bouaziz F. (2016). Acute and Chronic Toxicity of the Methanolic Extract of Ajuga Iva in Rodents. Nternational. J. Appl. Res. Nat. Prod.9:9–16.
22. Mehdi K, Rehman W, Abid O, Fazil S, Sajid M, Rab A, Farooq M, Haq S and Menaa F. (2020). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Ajuga parviflora Benth and Digera muricata Leaf extract: Their Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity. Rev. Chim., 71 (10), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.37358/RC.20.10.8349
23. Parveen S, Gupta V, and Kandwal A. (2022). Biosynthesis and evaluation of metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Ajuga macrosperma (Ghonke ghas) leaf extract, along with anticancer activity. Society of Education, India. 13 (6),71-79
24. Andleeb S, Nazera S, Alomarb S.Y, Ahmad N, Khand I, Razaf A, Awang U.A and Rajah S.A. (2022). Wound healing and anti-inflammatory potential of Ajuga bracteosa conjugatedsilver nanoparticles in Balb/c mice bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.21.508872;
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31. Yousaf, H., Mehmood, A., Ahmad, K. S., & Raffi, M. (2020). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their applications as an alternative antibacterial and antioxidant agent. Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications, 112, 110901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110901
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33. Das, V. L., Thomas, R., Varghese, R. T., Soniya, E. V., Mathew, J., & Radhakrishnan, E. K. (2014). Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the Bacillus strain CS 11 isolated from industrialized area. 3 Biotech, 4(2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-013-0130-8
34. Ben Salah, M., Aouadhi, C., & Khadhri, A. (2021). Green Roccella phycopsis Ach. mediated silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, phenolic content, antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-acetylcholinesterase capacities. Bioprocess and biosystems engineering, 44(11), 2257–2268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-021-02601-y
35. Willian N, Syukri S, Zulhadjri Z, Pardi H, Arief S. (2022). Marine plant mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mangrove Rhizophorastylosa: Effect of variable process and their antibacterial activity. F1000Res.10,1-18. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.54661.2
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2. Khan I., and Saeed, K& Khan, I. (2017). Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities, Arbian Journal of Chemistry, 1-24. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
3. Xu, Zhi & Zeng, Qinghua & Lu, Max & Yu, Aibing. (2006). Inorganic nanoparticles as carriers for efficient cellular delivery. Chemical Engineering Science. 61. 1027-1040. 10.1016/j.ces.2005.06.019
4. Gurunathan, S., Han, J., Park, J. H., & Kim, J. H. (2014). A green chemistry approach for synthesizing biocompatible gold nanoparticles. Nanoscale research letters, 9(1), 248. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-9-248
5. Gurunathan, S., Park, J. H., Han, J. W., & Kim, J. H. (2015). Comparative assessment of the apoptotic potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Bacillus tequilensis and Calocybe indica in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells: targeting p53 for anticancer therapy. International journal of nanomedicine, 10, 4203–4222 https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S83953.
6. Chen, Y., Wang, C., Liu, H., Qiu, J., & Bao, X. (2005). Ag/SiO2: a novel catalyst with high activity and selectivity for hydrogenation of chloronitrobenzenes. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England), (42), 5298–5300. https://doi.org/10.1039/b509595f
7. Li, Z., Lee, D., Sheng, X., Cohen, R. E., & Rubner, M. F. (2006). Two-level antibacterial coating with both release-killing and contact-killing capabilities. Langmuir: the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, 22(24), 9820–9823. https://doi.org/10.1021/la0622166
8. Khatoon, A., khan, F., Ahmad, N., Shaikh, S., Mohd, S., Rizvi, D., Shakil,S., Ai-Qahtani,M.H., Abuzenadah, A. M,. Tabrez, S., Ahamed, A.B.F., Alafnan,A., Islam, H., Iqbal, D and Dutta, R. (2018). Silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of Mentha piperita: Eco-friendly synthesis and effect on acetylcholinesterase activity. Life Sciences, 209, 430-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.046
9. Mukherjee, P., Ahmad, A., Mandal, D., Senapati, S., Sainkar, S. R., Khan, M. I., Pasricha, R., & Sastry, M. (2001). Fungus-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Immobilization in the Mycelial Matrix: A Novel Biological Approach to Nanoparticle Synthesis. Nano Letters, 1(10), 515-519. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0155274
10. Gurunathan, S., Kalishwaralal, K., Vaidyanathan, R., Venkataraman, D., Pandian, S. R., Muniyandi, J., Hariharan, N., & Eom, S. H. (2009). Biosynthesis, purification and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Escherichia coli. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 74(1), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.07.048
11. Akhtar, Mohd Sayeed & Panwar, Jitendra & Yun, Yeoung-Sang. (2013). Biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles by plant extracts. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 1. 591-602. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278785701.
12. Rai, M., & Yadav, A. (2013). Plants as potential synthesiser of precious metal nanoparticles: progress and prospects. IET nanobiotechnology, 7(3), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2012.0031
13. Dubey, M., Bhadauria, S., and Kushwah, B. (2009). Green synthesis of nanosilver particles from extract of Eucalyptus hybrid (safeda) leaf. Degest Journal of nanometer biostruct, 4, 537-543.
14. Sehnal, K., Ozdogan,Y., Stankova, M., Tothova, Z., Uhlirova, D., Vsetickova, M., Hosnedlova, B., Kepinska, M., Ruttkay-Nedecky, B., Fernandez, C., Hari, V., Sochor, J., Milnerowicz, H and Kizek, R. (2019). Effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) prepared by green synthesis from sage leaves (salvia officinalis) on maize chlorophyll content. In Proceedings of 11th Nanomaterials international conference 2019 (NANOCON 2019): research and applications, 16-18 October 2019, Brno, Czech Republic. Ostrava: Tanger Ltd, 457-462.: https://doi.org/10.37904/nanocon.2019.8521
15. Miara, M.D., Hammou, M.A. & Aoul, S.H. Phytothérapie et taxonomie des plantes médicinales spontanées dans la région de Tiaret (Algérie). Phytothérapie 11, 206–218 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10298-013-0789-3
16. Boran, Ni & Dong, X & Fu, J & Xingbin, Y & Longfei, L & Zhenwen, X & Yang, Z & Xue, D & Yang, C & Ni, J.(2015). Phytochemical and Biological Properties of Ajuga decumbens (Labiatae): A Review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 14. 1525. 10.4314/tjpr.v14i8.28
17. Medjeldi, S., Bouslama, L., Benabdallah, A., Essid, R., Haou, S., & Elkahoui, S. (2018). Biological activities, and phytocompounds of northwest Algeria Ajuga iva (L) extracts: Partial identification of the antibacterial fraction. Microbial pathogenesis, 121, 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.05.022
18. Naghibi, F., Mosaddegh, M., Mohammadi, S., Motamed, M. and Ghorbani, A. (2005) Labiataefamily in Folk Medicine in Iran: From Ethnobotany to Pharmacology. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2, 63-79. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26619246.
19. Benkhnigue O., Ben Akka F., Salhi S., Fadli M., Douira A., Zidane L.(2014). Catalog of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diabetes in the Al Haouz-Rhamna Region (Morocco) J. Anim. Plant. Sci., 23:3539–3568. https://m.elewa.org/JAPS/2014/23.1/4.pdf
20. Bouyahya, A., El Omari, N., Elmenyiy, N., Guaouguaou, F. E., Balahbib, A., El-Shazly, M., & Chamkhi, I. (2020). Ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Ajuga iva (L.,) schreb. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 258, 112875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112875.
21. Diafat A., Arrar L., Derradji Y., Bouaziz F. (2016). Acute and Chronic Toxicity of the Methanolic Extract of Ajuga Iva in Rodents. Nternational. J. Appl. Res. Nat. Prod.9:9–16.
22. Mehdi K, Rehman W, Abid O, Fazil S, Sajid M, Rab A, Farooq M, Haq S and Menaa F. (2020). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Ajuga parviflora Benth and Digera muricata Leaf extract: Their Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity. Rev. Chim., 71 (10), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.37358/RC.20.10.8349
23. Parveen S, Gupta V, and Kandwal A. (2022). Biosynthesis and evaluation of metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Ajuga macrosperma (Ghonke ghas) leaf extract, along with anticancer activity. Society of Education, India. 13 (6),71-79
24. Andleeb S, Nazera S, Alomarb S.Y, Ahmad N, Khand I, Razaf A, Awang U.A and Rajah S.A. (2022). Wound healing and anti-inflammatory potential of Ajuga bracteosa conjugatedsilver nanoparticles in Balb/c mice bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.21.508872;
25. Al Moudani, N., Laaraj, S., Ouahidi, I. (2023). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves extract of Ajuga iva: characterizations, toxicity and photocatalytic activities. Chem. Pap. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-03177-5
26. Harborne, J.B. (1987). Metode Fitokimia Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan. Penerbit ITB. Bandung.
27. Kuria, K. A., Chepkwony, H., Govaerts, C., Roets, E., Busson, R., De Witte, P., Zupko, I., Hoornaert, G., Quirynen, L., Maes, L., Janssens, L., Hoogmartens, J., & Laekeman, G. (2002). The antiplasmodial activity of isolates from Ajuga remota. Journal of natural products, 65(5), 789–793. https://doi.org/10.1021/np0104626
28. Pramila, D & Marimuthu, Kasi & Sathasivam, Kathiresan & Khoo, M & Senthilkumar, M & Kannan, Sathya. (2012). Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial potential of methanolic leaf extract of peppermint (Mentha piperita: Lamiaceae). J Med Plants Res. 6. 10.5897/JMPR11. DOI:10.5897/JMPR11
29. Mogomotsi, K, Oluwole, A, Lebogang, k, Ramokone, G. (2019). Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using the Ethanolic Extract of Pelargonium sidoides DC. Journal of Nanomaterials,1-10. SWE
30. Rao, M.L., & Savithramma, N. (2011). Biological Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Svensonia Hyderabadensis Leaf Extract and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial Efficacy. J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. 3(3),1117-1121.
31. Yousaf, H., Mehmood, A., Ahmad, K. S., & Raffi, M. (2020). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their applications as an alternative antibacterial and antioxidant agent. Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications, 112, 110901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110901
32. Thiyagarajan S and Kanchana S. (2022). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Mentha arvensis Linn. and demonstration of their in vitro antibacterial activities. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. ;58,19898.https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022219898
33. Das, V. L., Thomas, R., Varghese, R. T., Soniya, E. V., Mathew, J., & Radhakrishnan, E. K. (2014). Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the Bacillus strain CS 11 isolated from industrialized area. 3 Biotech, 4(2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-013-0130-8
34. Ben Salah, M., Aouadhi, C., & Khadhri, A. (2021). Green Roccella phycopsis Ach. mediated silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, phenolic content, antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-acetylcholinesterase capacities. Bioprocess and biosystems engineering, 44(11), 2257–2268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-021-02601-y
35. Willian N, Syukri S, Zulhadjri Z, Pardi H, Arief S. (2022). Marine plant mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mangrove Rhizophorastylosa: Effect of variable process and their antibacterial activity. F1000Res.10,1-18. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.54661.2
36. Magudapathy, P. & Gangopadhyay, Parthasarathi & Panigrahi, Binaya & Nair, K. & Dhara, S. (2001). Electrical transport studies of Ag nanoclusters embedded in glass matrix. Physica B-condensed Matter - PHYSICA B. 299 (12). 142-146. Doi:10.1016/S0921-4526(00)00580-9
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Published
2025-04-30
How to Cite
Sasi, M. M., Eshkourfu, R. O., Amara, R. O., & Hribesh, S. O. (2025). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Ajuga iva leaf extract and evaluating their antibacterial activity against E. coli and Streptococcus Bacteria. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 21(12), 57. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2025.v21n12p57
Section
ESJ Natural/Life/Medical Sciences
Copyright (c) 2025 Mariam Mohammed Sasi, Rabia Omar Eshkourfu, Rokaya Omar Amara, Samira Omar Hribesh
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
