Factors Influencing Farmers’ Knowledge, Capacity, and Practice of Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh
Keywords:
Conservation agriculture, Three gap model, Extent, Difficulties, Bangladesh
Abstract
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is an alternative to the conventional farming system, which is considered a way of achieving climate-smart agriculture. Despite various CA support programs and promotional activities in Bangladesh, a major portion of CA farmers are reluctant to continue CA farming. This research aimed to reveal the extent and difficulties of continuing the practice and the gap between farmers’ knowledge, ability, and performance. To collect data, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 201 CA-adopting farmers from northern districts, namely Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Dinajpur. Results show that, among all components of CA practices in the area, most of the farmers regularly practice minimum tillage. The results also indicate that average income, access to and availability of machinery, and the knowledge gap are all commonly significant and have a big effect on the three dependent variables: the can-do gap, the know-can gap, and the know gap. The evidence indicates that reducing these gaps requires subsidies for resource-poor farmers and easy access to the machinery needed for CA practice. Public or private investments, or a combination of both, can effectively reduce these gaps.
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References
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8. Descheemaeker, Katrien. 2020. “Limits of Conservation Agriculture in Africa.” Nature Food 1 (7): 402–402. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-0119-5.
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11. FAO. 2019. “Conservation Agriculture.” FAO CA WEBSITE. 2019. http://www.fao.org/conservation-agriculture/en/.
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13. Gerland, P., A. E. Raftery, H. ev ikova, N. Li, D. Gu, T. Spoorenberg, L. Alkema, et al. 2014. “World Population Stabilization Unlikely This Century.” Science 346 (6206): 234–37. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257469.
14. Ghaley, Bhim, Teodor Rusu, Taru Sandén, Heide Spiegel, Cristina Menta, Giovanna Visioli, Lilian O’Sullivan, et al. 2018. “Assessment of Benefits of Conservation Agriculture on Soil Functions in Arable Production Systems in Europe.” Sustainability 10 (3): 794. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030794.
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21. Hossain, Ilias. 2017. “Best Practices of Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh.” In Best Practices of Conservation Agriculture in South Asia, 11–50. Dhaka, Bangladesh: SAARC agriculture centre.
22. Hossain, Israil, M Sarker, and Muhammad Hoque. 2015. “Status of Conservation Agriculture Based Tillage Technology for Crop Production in Bangladesh.” Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 40 (July):235–48. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v40i2.24561.
23. Ibnat, Fabliha, Kenneth L Leonard, Luke Bawo, and Rianna Mohammed-Roberts. 2019. “The Three-Gap Model of Health Worker Performance.” Policy Research Working Paper 8782. World Bank Group.
24. Islam, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul, Anjum Tasnuva, Subaran Chandra Sarker, Md Masudar Rahman, Md Sanaul Haque Mondal, and Md Mujahid Ul Islam. 2014. “Drought in Northern Bangladesh: Social, Agroecological Impact and Local Perception.” International Journal of Ecosystem 4 (3): 150–58.
25. Kafiluddin, Ahmed, and M.S. Islam. 2008. “Fertilizer Distribution, Subsidy, Marketing, Promotion and Agronomic Use Efficiency Scenario in Bangladesh.” In In: Proceedings of IFA Crossroads Asia-Pacific 2008, December 16-18:1–22. Melbourne, Australia.
26. Kassam, A., T. Friedrich, and R. Derpsch. 2019. “Global Spread of Conservation Agriculture.” International Journal of Environmental Studies 76 (1): 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2018.1494927.
27. Kaweesa, Sara Helen, Hycenth Tim Ndah, Johannes Schuler, Andreas Melcher, and Willibald Loiskandl. 2020. “Understanding the Conditions of Conservation Agriculture Adoption in Lango Region, Uganda.” Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 44 (10): 1260–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2020.1751769.
28. Khatoon-Abadi, A. 2011. “Prioritization of Farmers’ Information Channels: A Case Study of Isfahan Province, Iran.” Journal of Agricultural SAcience and Technology 13:815–28.
29. Mazvimavi, Kizito, P.V. Ndlovu, Putso Nyathi, and Isaac J. Minde. 2010. “Conservation Agriculture Practices and Adoption by Smallholder Farmers in Zimbabwe.” In . Cape Town, South Africa. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/96822/files/130.%20Conservation%20Agriculture%20Practices%20in%20Zimbabwe.pdf.
30. Pagliacci, Francesco, Edi Defrancesco, Daniele Mozzato, Lucia Bortolini, Andrea Pezzuolo, Francesco Pirotti, Elena Pisani, and Paola Gatto. 2020. “Drivers of Farmers’ Adoption and Continuation of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices. A Study from Northeastern Italy.” Science of The Total Environment 710 (March):136345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136345.
31. Pannell, David J., Rick S. Llewellyn, and Marc Corbeels. 2014. “The Farm-Level Economics of Conservation Agriculture for Resource-Poor Farmers.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 187 (April):52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.014.
32. Perego, A., A. Rocca, V. Cattivelli, V. Tabaglio, A. Fiorini, S. Barbieri, C. Schillaci, M.E. Chiodini, S. Brenna, and M. Acutis. 2019. “Agro-Environmental Aspects of Conservation Agriculture Compared to Conventional Systems: A 3-Year Experience on 20 Farms in the Po Valley (Northern Italy).” Agricultural Systems 168 (January):73–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.10.008.
33. Pittelkow, Cameron M., Xinqiang Liang, Bruce A. Linquist, Kees Jan van Groenigen, Juhwan Lee, Mark E. Lundy, Natasja van Gestel, Johan Six, Rodney T. Venterea, and Chris van Kessel. 2015. “Productivity Limits and Potentials of the Principles of Conservation Agriculture.” Nature 517 (7534): 365–68. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13809.
34. Poddar, Prodip Kumar, Mohammed Nasir Uddin, and Debashish Sarker Dev. 2017. “Conservation Agriculture: A Farm Level Practice in Bangladesh.” Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal 37 (03). https://doi.org/10.18805/asd.v37i03.8992.
35. Pradhan, Aliza, Catherine Chan, Pravat Kumar Roul, Jacqueline Halbrendt, and Brent Sipes. 2018. “Potential of Conservation Agriculture (CA) for Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security under Rainfed Uplands of India: A Transdisciplinary Approach.” Agricultural Systems, Agricultural Systems Perspectives on Global Food Security, 163 (June):27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.002.
36. Reicosky, D. C. 2015. “Conservation Tillage Is Not Conservation Agriculture.” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 70 (5): 103A-108A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.70.5.103A.
37. Rohila, A. K., P.S. Shehrawat, and J.S. Malik. 2018. “Awareness, Constraints and Prospects of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices (CSAP).” Journal of Agrometeorology 20 (Special issue): 167–71.
38. Roy, Debashis, Mohammad Golam Farouque, and Md. Zulfikar Rahman. 2015. “Effectiveness of Farmer Field School for Soil and Crop Management.” International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research 20 (2): 1–11.
39. Roy, K.C., M.E. Haque, Scott Justice, Israil Hossain, and C.A. Meisner. 2009. “Development of Tillage Machinery for Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh.” Agricultuiral Mechanization in Asia 40 (2): 58–64.
40. Shahzad, Muhammad, Mubshar Hussain, Muhammad Farooq, Shahid Farooq, Khawar Jabran, and Ahmad Nawaz. 2017. “Economic Assessment of Conventional and Conservation Tillage Practices in Different Wheat-Based Cropping Systems of Punjab, Pakistan.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24 (31): 24634–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0136-6.
41. Tabriz, S. S., M. A. Kader, M. Rokonuzzaman, M. S. Hossen, and M. A. Awal. 2021. “Prospects and Challenges of Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh for Sustainable Sugarcane Cultivation.” Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01330-2.
42. Tama, Riffat Ara Zannat, and Md Mahmudul Hoque. 2025. “Exploring the Constraints and Factors in the Potential Adoption of Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh.” Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 18 (1): 342–62. https://doi.org/10.9734/arja/2025/v18i1669.
43. Tama, Riffat Ara Zannat, Md Mahmudul Hoque, Ying Liu, Mohammad Jahangir Alam, and Mark Yu. 2023. “An Application of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to Examining Farmers’ Behavioral Attitude and Intention towards Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh.” Agriculture 13 (2): 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020503.
44. Tama, Riffat Ara Zannat, Liu Ying, Fardous Ara Happy, and Md Mahmudul Hoque. 2018. “An Empirical Study on Socio-Economic Status of Women Labor in Rice Husking Mill of Bangladesh.” South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, November, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2018/v2i225835.
45. Tama, Riffat Ara Zannat, Liu Ying, Man Yu, Md Mahmudul Hoque, KM Mehedi Adnan, and Swati Anindita Sarker. 2021. “Assessing Farmers’ Intention towards Conservation Agriculture by Using the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior.” Journal of Environmental Management 280 (February):111654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111654.
46. Tsige, Meseret, Gry Synnevåg, and Jens B. Aune. 2020. “Gendered Constraints for Adopting Climate-Smart Agriculture amongst Smallholder Ethiopian Women Farmers.” Scientific African 7 (March):e00250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00250.
47. Uddin, Md. Taj, and Aurup Ratan Dhar. 2018. “Government Input Support on Aus Rice Production in Bangladesh: Impact on Farmers’ Food Security and Poverty Situation.” Agriculture & Food Security 7 (1): 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0167-3.
48. Uddin, Md. Taj, Aurup Ratan Dhar, and Md. Hammadur Rahman. 2017. “Improving Farmers’ Income and Soil Environmental Quality through Conservation Agriculture Practice in Bangladesh.” American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 12 (1): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2017.55.65.
49. Uddin, Mohammad, Aurup Ratan Dhar, and Monirul Islam. 2016. “Adoption of Conservation Agriculture Practice in Bangladesh: Impact on Crop Profitability and Productivity.” Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 14 (December):101–12. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v14i1.30604.
2. Akter, Shaheen, Mahesh Gathala, Jagadish Timsina, Md Islam, Md Mahbubur Rahman, Mustafa Hasan, and Anup Ghosh. 2021. “Adoption of Conservation Agriculture-Based Tillage Practices in the Rice-Maize Systems in Bangladesh.” World Development Perspectives 21 (February):100297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100297.
3. Arslan, Aslihan, Nancy McCarthy, Leslie Lipper, Solomon Asfaw, and Andrea Cattaneo. 2014. “Adoption and Intensity of Adoption of Conservation Farming Practices in Zambia.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 187 (April):72–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.08.017.
4. Bell, Richard, Md. Haque, M. Jahiruddin, Md. Rahman, Mahfuza Begum, M. Miah, Md. Islam, et al. 2018. “Conservation Agriculture for Rice-Based Intensive Cropping by Smallholders in the Eastern Gangetic Plain.” Agriculture 9 (1): 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9010005.
5. Biswas, P.P, G. Prativa, and S.K. Chaudhari. 2017. “Conservation Agriculture Practices in South Asia: Strategies for Achieving SDGs.” In Best Practices of Conservation Agriculture in South Asia, 1–10. Dhaka, Bangladesh: SAARC agriculture centre.
6. Chalak, Ali, Alexandra Irani, Jad Chaaban, Issam Bashour, Karin Seyfert, Kaitlyn Smoot, and Gumataw Kifle Abebe. 2017. “Farmers’ Willingness to Adopt Conservation Agriculture: New Evidence from Lebanon.” Environmental Management 60 (4): 693–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0904-6.
7. Corsi, Sandra, and Hafiz Muminjanov. 2019. “Conservation Agriculture Training Guide for Extension Agents and Farmers in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.” Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
8. Descheemaeker, Katrien. 2020. “Limits of Conservation Agriculture in Africa.” Nature Food 1 (7): 402–402. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-0119-5.
9. Dhar, Aurup Ratan, Md. Monirul Islam, and Jasim Uddin Ahmed. 2017. “Adoption of Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh: Problems and Prospects.” World Journal of Agricultural Research 5 (5): 265–72. https://doi.org/10.12691/wjar-5-5-3.
10. Dhar, Aurup Ratan, Md. Monirul Islam, Arifa Jannat, and Jasim Uddin Ahmed. 2018. “Adoption Prospects and Implication Problems of Practicing Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh: A Socioeconomic Diagnosis.” Soil and Tillage Research 176 (March):77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.11.003.
11. FAO. 2019. “Conservation Agriculture.” FAO CA WEBSITE. 2019. http://www.fao.org/conservation-agriculture/en/.
12. Findlater, K.M., M. Kandlikar, and T. Satterfield. 2019. “Misunderstanding Conservation Agriculture: Challenges in Promoting, Monitoring and Evaluating Sustainable Farming.” Environmental Science & Policy 100 (October):47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.05.027.
13. Gerland, P., A. E. Raftery, H. ev ikova, N. Li, D. Gu, T. Spoorenberg, L. Alkema, et al. 2014. “World Population Stabilization Unlikely This Century.” Science 346 (6206): 234–37. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257469.
14. Ghaley, Bhim, Teodor Rusu, Taru Sandén, Heide Spiegel, Cristina Menta, Giovanna Visioli, Lilian O’Sullivan, et al. 2018. “Assessment of Benefits of Conservation Agriculture on Soil Functions in Arable Production Systems in Europe.” Sustainability 10 (3): 794. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030794.
15. Giller, Ken E., Jens A. Andersson, Marc Corbeels, John Kirkegaard, David Mortensen, Olaf Erenstein, and Bernard Vanlauwe. 2015. “Beyond Conservation Agriculture.” Frontiers in Plant Science 6 (October). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00870.
16. GOB. 2012. “Bangladesh Population Policy 2012.” Government of Bangladesh (GOB).
17. Hoque, Md Mahmudul. 2020. “Covid-19 and Child Labour in Dhaka: Call for Reviewed Policy Actions.” IDS Alumni Blog (blog). 2020. https://alumni.ids.ac.uk/news/blogs-perspectives-provocations-initiatives/perspectives-provocations-initiatives-covid-19/542/542-Covid-19-and-Child-Labour-in-Dhaka-Call-for-reviewed-policy-actions.
18. - - - . 2023. “Understanding the Role of Structural Factors and Realities in Normalizing Child Labour in Urban Slums of Bangladesh.” Cogent Social Sciences 9 (2): 2272319. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2272319.
19. - - - . 2024. “A Critical Review of Bangladesh’s Child Labor Regulations and Policies.” World Development Sustainability, 100177.
20. Hossain, M.I. Hossain, M.N.A. Siddiqui, G.M. Panaullah, J.M. Duxbury, and J.G. Lauren. 2014. “Raised Beds: A Resource Conserving Technology for Improved Crop Production in Bangladesh.” Booklet. Cornell University-Food for progress programme in Bangladesh.
21. Hossain, Ilias. 2017. “Best Practices of Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh.” In Best Practices of Conservation Agriculture in South Asia, 11–50. Dhaka, Bangladesh: SAARC agriculture centre.
22. Hossain, Israil, M Sarker, and Muhammad Hoque. 2015. “Status of Conservation Agriculture Based Tillage Technology for Crop Production in Bangladesh.” Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 40 (July):235–48. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v40i2.24561.
23. Ibnat, Fabliha, Kenneth L Leonard, Luke Bawo, and Rianna Mohammed-Roberts. 2019. “The Three-Gap Model of Health Worker Performance.” Policy Research Working Paper 8782. World Bank Group.
24. Islam, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul, Anjum Tasnuva, Subaran Chandra Sarker, Md Masudar Rahman, Md Sanaul Haque Mondal, and Md Mujahid Ul Islam. 2014. “Drought in Northern Bangladesh: Social, Agroecological Impact and Local Perception.” International Journal of Ecosystem 4 (3): 150–58.
25. Kafiluddin, Ahmed, and M.S. Islam. 2008. “Fertilizer Distribution, Subsidy, Marketing, Promotion and Agronomic Use Efficiency Scenario in Bangladesh.” In In: Proceedings of IFA Crossroads Asia-Pacific 2008, December 16-18:1–22. Melbourne, Australia.
26. Kassam, A., T. Friedrich, and R. Derpsch. 2019. “Global Spread of Conservation Agriculture.” International Journal of Environmental Studies 76 (1): 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2018.1494927.
27. Kaweesa, Sara Helen, Hycenth Tim Ndah, Johannes Schuler, Andreas Melcher, and Willibald Loiskandl. 2020. “Understanding the Conditions of Conservation Agriculture Adoption in Lango Region, Uganda.” Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 44 (10): 1260–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2020.1751769.
28. Khatoon-Abadi, A. 2011. “Prioritization of Farmers’ Information Channels: A Case Study of Isfahan Province, Iran.” Journal of Agricultural SAcience and Technology 13:815–28.
29. Mazvimavi, Kizito, P.V. Ndlovu, Putso Nyathi, and Isaac J. Minde. 2010. “Conservation Agriculture Practices and Adoption by Smallholder Farmers in Zimbabwe.” In . Cape Town, South Africa. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/96822/files/130.%20Conservation%20Agriculture%20Practices%20in%20Zimbabwe.pdf.
30. Pagliacci, Francesco, Edi Defrancesco, Daniele Mozzato, Lucia Bortolini, Andrea Pezzuolo, Francesco Pirotti, Elena Pisani, and Paola Gatto. 2020. “Drivers of Farmers’ Adoption and Continuation of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices. A Study from Northeastern Italy.” Science of The Total Environment 710 (March):136345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136345.
31. Pannell, David J., Rick S. Llewellyn, and Marc Corbeels. 2014. “The Farm-Level Economics of Conservation Agriculture for Resource-Poor Farmers.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 187 (April):52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.014.
32. Perego, A., A. Rocca, V. Cattivelli, V. Tabaglio, A. Fiorini, S. Barbieri, C. Schillaci, M.E. Chiodini, S. Brenna, and M. Acutis. 2019. “Agro-Environmental Aspects of Conservation Agriculture Compared to Conventional Systems: A 3-Year Experience on 20 Farms in the Po Valley (Northern Italy).” Agricultural Systems 168 (January):73–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.10.008.
33. Pittelkow, Cameron M., Xinqiang Liang, Bruce A. Linquist, Kees Jan van Groenigen, Juhwan Lee, Mark E. Lundy, Natasja van Gestel, Johan Six, Rodney T. Venterea, and Chris van Kessel. 2015. “Productivity Limits and Potentials of the Principles of Conservation Agriculture.” Nature 517 (7534): 365–68. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13809.
34. Poddar, Prodip Kumar, Mohammed Nasir Uddin, and Debashish Sarker Dev. 2017. “Conservation Agriculture: A Farm Level Practice in Bangladesh.” Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal 37 (03). https://doi.org/10.18805/asd.v37i03.8992.
35. Pradhan, Aliza, Catherine Chan, Pravat Kumar Roul, Jacqueline Halbrendt, and Brent Sipes. 2018. “Potential of Conservation Agriculture (CA) for Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security under Rainfed Uplands of India: A Transdisciplinary Approach.” Agricultural Systems, Agricultural Systems Perspectives on Global Food Security, 163 (June):27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.002.
36. Reicosky, D. C. 2015. “Conservation Tillage Is Not Conservation Agriculture.” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 70 (5): 103A-108A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.70.5.103A.
37. Rohila, A. K., P.S. Shehrawat, and J.S. Malik. 2018. “Awareness, Constraints and Prospects of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices (CSAP).” Journal of Agrometeorology 20 (Special issue): 167–71.
38. Roy, Debashis, Mohammad Golam Farouque, and Md. Zulfikar Rahman. 2015. “Effectiveness of Farmer Field School for Soil and Crop Management.” International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research 20 (2): 1–11.
39. Roy, K.C., M.E. Haque, Scott Justice, Israil Hossain, and C.A. Meisner. 2009. “Development of Tillage Machinery for Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh.” Agricultuiral Mechanization in Asia 40 (2): 58–64.
40. Shahzad, Muhammad, Mubshar Hussain, Muhammad Farooq, Shahid Farooq, Khawar Jabran, and Ahmad Nawaz. 2017. “Economic Assessment of Conventional and Conservation Tillage Practices in Different Wheat-Based Cropping Systems of Punjab, Pakistan.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24 (31): 24634–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0136-6.
41. Tabriz, S. S., M. A. Kader, M. Rokonuzzaman, M. S. Hossen, and M. A. Awal. 2021. “Prospects and Challenges of Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh for Sustainable Sugarcane Cultivation.” Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01330-2.
42. Tama, Riffat Ara Zannat, and Md Mahmudul Hoque. 2025. “Exploring the Constraints and Factors in the Potential Adoption of Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh.” Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 18 (1): 342–62. https://doi.org/10.9734/arja/2025/v18i1669.
43. Tama, Riffat Ara Zannat, Md Mahmudul Hoque, Ying Liu, Mohammad Jahangir Alam, and Mark Yu. 2023. “An Application of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to Examining Farmers’ Behavioral Attitude and Intention towards Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh.” Agriculture 13 (2): 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020503.
44. Tama, Riffat Ara Zannat, Liu Ying, Fardous Ara Happy, and Md Mahmudul Hoque. 2018. “An Empirical Study on Socio-Economic Status of Women Labor in Rice Husking Mill of Bangladesh.” South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, November, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2018/v2i225835.
45. Tama, Riffat Ara Zannat, Liu Ying, Man Yu, Md Mahmudul Hoque, KM Mehedi Adnan, and Swati Anindita Sarker. 2021. “Assessing Farmers’ Intention towards Conservation Agriculture by Using the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior.” Journal of Environmental Management 280 (February):111654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111654.
46. Tsige, Meseret, Gry Synnevåg, and Jens B. Aune. 2020. “Gendered Constraints for Adopting Climate-Smart Agriculture amongst Smallholder Ethiopian Women Farmers.” Scientific African 7 (March):e00250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00250.
47. Uddin, Md. Taj, and Aurup Ratan Dhar. 2018. “Government Input Support on Aus Rice Production in Bangladesh: Impact on Farmers’ Food Security and Poverty Situation.” Agriculture & Food Security 7 (1): 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0167-3.
48. Uddin, Md. Taj, Aurup Ratan Dhar, and Md. Hammadur Rahman. 2017. “Improving Farmers’ Income and Soil Environmental Quality through Conservation Agriculture Practice in Bangladesh.” American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 12 (1): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2017.55.65.
49. Uddin, Mohammad, Aurup Ratan Dhar, and Monirul Islam. 2016. “Adoption of Conservation Agriculture Practice in Bangladesh: Impact on Crop Profitability and Productivity.” Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 14 (December):101–12. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v14i1.30604.
Published
2025-05-31
How to Cite
Tama, R. A. Z., Ying, L., & Hoque, M. M. (2025). Factors Influencing Farmers’ Knowledge, Capacity, and Practice of Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 21(13), 48. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2025.v21n13p48
Section
ESJ Social Sciences
Copyright (c) 2025 Riffat Ara Zannat Tama, Liu Ying, Md Mahmudul Hoque
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
