Effect of Regional Integration on Intra-Regional Informal Agricultural Trade in West Africa

  • Kossi Ade Kligue University of Lome, Togo
  • Koffi Yovo University of Lome, Togo
Keywords: Regional integration, Informal agricultural trade, ECOWAS CET, AfCFTA, ECO-ICBT

Abstract

This research, based on the gravity model, explores the complex relationship between regional integration and intra-regional informal agricultural trade in West Africa over the period 2010–2022. By assessing the major impact of the ECOWAS Common External Tariff (CET) and the gradual implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), it reveals a paradoxical dynamic: despite institutional progress in regional integration, informal agricultural trade  -  largely driven by small-scale operators  -  remains insufficiently addressed in regional policies and strategies. The findings highlight a significant correlation between these integration initiatives and a marked decline in informal agricultural trade, thereby raising critical questions about the effective inclusion of these key actors in regional economic integration frameworks.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Afesorgbor, S. (2013). Revisiting the Effectiveness of African Economic Integration: A Meta-Analytic Review and Comparative Estimation Methods. SSRN Electronic Journal.
2. Agbodji, A. E. (2007). Intégration et Échanges commerciaux Intra Sous-régionaux : Le Cas de l’UEMOA. Revue Africaine de l’Intégration, 1(1), 161–188.
3. Anderson, J. E. (1979). A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation. The American Economic Review, 69(1), 106–116.
4. Anderson, J. E., & van Wincoop, E. (2003). Gravity with Gravitas : A Solution to the Border Puzzle, American Economic Review, Vol. 93, pp. 170–92.
5. Avom, D., & Njikam, M. (2013). Intégration par le marché cas des pays de la CEEAF.
6. Bangake, C., & Eggoh, J. (2009). The Impact of Currency Unions on Trade : Lessons from CFA Franc Zone and Implication for Proposed African Monetary Union, Saving and Development, No. 478.
7. Bergstrand, J. H. (1985). The Gravity Equation in International Trade : Some Microeconomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence, Review of Economics and Statistic, Vol. 67, pp. 474–81.
8. Beke, T. E. (2022). Effets des coûts de commerce sur les échanges agricoles dans l’espace CEDEAO. Économie rurale. Agricultures, alimentations, territoires, 380, Article 380.
9. Beke, T. E., & N’Guessan, D.-D. M. (2021). Echanges agricoles intrarégionaux et sécurité alimentaire dans l’espace CEDEAO. Région et Développement, 54, 51–81.
10. Bouët, A., Cosnard, L., & Laborde, D. (2017). Measuring Trade Integration in Africa. Journal of Economic Integration, 32 (4), 937–977.
11. Carrère, C. (2013). UEMOA, CEMAC : Quelle performance en matière de commerce ? Revue d’économie du développement, 21(1), 33–60.
12. Carrère, C. (2004). African Regional Agreements: Impact on Trade with or without Currency Unions, Journal of African Economies, Vol.13, n° 2, 199-239.
13. Clark, P. (1973). Uncertainty, Exchange Risk and the Level of International Trade, Western Economic Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 303–313.
14. Coulibaly, A. D., Traore, M. & Diarra, S. (2015). UEMOA versus CEDEAO : Analyse par le modèle de gravité des flux de commerce intra-communautaire, Document de réflexion, DR 2015.1, Commission de l’UEMOA.
15. CILSS, & FSIN. (2025). Rapport régional 2025 sur la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle au Sahel et en Afrique de l’Ouest (pp. 1–81).
16. CNUCED. (2024). Rapport sur le développement économique en Afrique : Libérer le potentiel commercial de l’Afrique Stimuler les marchés régionaux et réduire les risques (pp. 1–180) [Version préliminaire].
17. Deardorff, A. V. (1995). Determinants of Bilateral Trade : Does Gravity Work in a Neoclassical World ? The Regionalization of the World Economy, 7–32.
18. Diop, C. A. (2007). L’UEMOA et les perspectives d’une zone monétaire unique de la CEDEAO : les enseignements d’un modèle de gravité. Département Des Études Économiques et de La Monnaie de BECEAO.
19. El Bekri, H. (2023). Les Communautés économiques régionales, améliorent-elles le commerce intrarégional dans le cadre de la ZLECAf ? Interventions économiques, 70.
20. Eichengreen, B. (1990). Is Europe an Optimum Currency Area ? CEPR Discussion Paper, No. 78.
21. Evenett, S. J., & Keller W. (2002). On Theories Explaining the Success of the Gravity Equation, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 110, No. 2, pp. 281–316.
22. Freund, C. & Rocha, N. (2011). What constrains Africa’s Exports ? World Bank Economic Review, 25, pp. 361-386.
23. Fustier, B. (2015). Les échanges commerciaux euro-méditerranéens : essain d’analyse structurale.
24. Gammadigbe, V. (2017). Integration Regionale et Commerce Agricole Bilateral en Afrique de L’ouest. African Development Review, 29(2), 147–162.
25. Gbetnkom, D., & Avom, D. (2005). INTÉGRATION PAR LE MARCHÉ : LE CAS DE L’UEMOA. Région et Développement, 22.2005(22), 85–103.
26. Head, K., & Mayer, T. (2013). Gravity equations : toolkit, cook book, work horse. In Hand book of International Economics. Vol. 4, forth coming. Amsterdam : Elsevier.
27. Hooper, P., & Kohlhagen S. (1978). The Effect of Exchange Rate Uncertainty on the Prices and Volume of International Trade, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 483–511
28. Houssou, K. P. (2023). Effets des institutions sur le développement économique en Afrique Subsaharienne.
29. Kpemoua, P. (2023). Effets de la dynamique de l’intégration régionale sur le commerce bilatéral en Afrique de l’Ouest. African Scientific Journal, 100–134.
30. Krugman, P. (1993). Lesson of Massachusetts for EMU, in F. Giavazzi and F. Torres (eds.), The Transition to Economic and Monetary Union Europe, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 241–61.
31. Longo, R., & Sekkat, K. (2004). Economic Obstacles to Expanding, World Development, 32, 8, 1309-1321
32. Salazar-Xirinachs, J. M. (2002). Proliferation of sub-regional trade agreements and the Americas : an assessment of key analytical and policy issues. Journal of Asian Economics, 13 (2), 181-212.
33. Santos-Silva, J. M. C., & Tenreyro, S. (2010). Currency Unions in Prospect and Retrospect, Annual Review of Economics, 2, 51-74.
34. Santos Silva, J. M. C., & Tenreyro, S. (2011). Further Simulation Evidence on the Performance of the Poisson Pseudo‐Maximum Likelihood Estimator, Economics Letters, Vol. 112, No. 2, pp. 220–22
35. Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the World Economy : Suggestions for an International Economic Policy, Twentieth Century Fund, New York.
36. Viner, J. (1950). The Custom Union Issue, Carnegie Endowment for international Peace, New York.
Published
2025-08-15
How to Cite
Kligue, K. A., & Yovo, K. (2025). Effect of Regional Integration on Intra-Regional Informal Agricultural Trade in West Africa. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 44, 378. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/19907
Section
ESI Preprints