Teachers‘ Attitudes towards Using Cooperative Learning through Technology for Developing Writing Skills in a Military Context
Keywords:
Writing performance, information and communication technology (ICT), military writing, military English (ME), English for specific purposes (ESP)
Abstract
Teachers of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) consider writing as one of the most difficult productive skills to teach military students. Writing is an essential skill for their future career development, as they must take the high-stakes STANAG 6001 (Standardisation Agreement 6001) test to be promoted. Teachers‘ role is pivotal in teaching ESP as they should take into account students‘ current needs and create goal-oriented assignments to develop their writing skills and improve their writing performance. Thus, the purpose of the study was to investigate ESP teachers’ attitudes towards using cooperative learning through technology for the development of writing skills, to examine their readiness for implementing the above-mentioned instructional strategy. The study used a quantitative method. The data was gathered from the teachers’ questionnaire and was analysed descriptively. Study participants were 58 teachers from different schools and several military educational institutions of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) member, partner and candidate countries such as Ukraine, Latvia and the UK. SPSS 27 was used to analyse the data. The study results showed that the majority of ESP teachers had positive attitudes towards using cooperative learning through technology to develop writing skills.
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References
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27. Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2014). Using technology to revolutionize cooperative learning:an opinion. Frontier in Psychology, 5(1156), 1-3. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01156
28. Kessler, G., Bikowski, D., & Boggs, J. (2012). Collaborative writing among second language learners in academic web-based projects. languuage learning & technology, 16(1), 91-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.64152/10125/44276
29. Khan, R. M., Mustafa, G., & Awan, A. A. (2020). Learners' attitudes on the infusion of cooperative learning in Education. Orental Reasearch Journal of Social Sciences, 5(2), pp. 164-175. Retrieved June 8, 2025, from https://www.gcwus.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/14.-Learners-Attitudes-on-the-Infusion-of-Cooperative-Learning.pdf
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45. Quyen, P. T. (2023). EFL students'perceptios towards cooperative learning in writing skills at a University in the Mekong Delta. 2(3), pp. 48-62. https://doi.org/10.54855/ijli.23232
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3. AL-Malki, E. A., Gulnaz, F., Javid, Z. C., & Chaudhry, M. Z. (2022). An empirical Invesrigation of the EeFL learners attitudes towards effectiveness of coopreative learning. SAGE open, 12(4), 2-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221141699
4. Aysu, S. (2020). The use of technology and its effect on language learning motivation. Journal of Languagee Research (JLR), 4(1), 86-100. Retrieved August 24, 2025, from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1340883
5. Boubekka, S., & Maouche, S. (2021). Teachers'attitudes towards collaborative writing in the Algerian EFL Context:Callenges and Perspectives. El Mohtaref Journal od Sports ,Social and Human Science , 8(1), 445-470. Retrieved August 21, 2025, from https://asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/154865
6. Bureau for International Language Co-ordination. (2025, May 4). Testing Resources. Retrieved may 4, 2025, from BILC: https://natobilc.org/en/products/testing-resourses/
7. Cahyono, B. Y., & Mutiaraningrum, I. (2016). Indonesian EFL Teachers'Familiarity with and opinion on the Internet-based Teaching of Writing. English Language Teaching, 9(1), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n1p199
8. Cercone, K. (2008, January). Characteristics of Adult Learners with Impliication for Online Learning Design. AACE Journal, 16(2),137-159. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228629238_Characteristics_of_adult_learners_with_implications_for_online_learning_design
9. Chakyarkandiyil, G. S., & Prakasha, G. S. (2023). Cooperative learning strategies:implementation chllenges in teacher education. problems of Education in the 21th Century, 81(3), 341-359. https://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/23.81.340
10. Chuong, P. T. (2022). Effects of using technology to engage studnets in learning English at a secondary school. International Journal of Language Instruction, 1(1), 86-98. https://doi.org/10.54855/ijli.22118
11. Command and Staff Academy. (2014). Defence Writing Handbook. Murray , Republic of Sierra Leone: The Horton Academy. Retrieved from https://www.mod.gov.sl/docs/Doctrine%20-%20Defence%20Writing%20Guide.pdf
12. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design:Qualitative ,Quantitative,and mixed methods approaches. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Piblications.
13. Department of the Army. (2003, JUne 9). Staff Action Process and Correspondence Polices (DA Memo 25-52). Washington ,DC, U.S. Retrieved from https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox/QgrcJHsTjVnqglxRMHJSPrcKXDKjTpkrTJl?projector=1&messagePartId=0.4
14. Dudley-Evans, T., & ST John, M. J. (1998). Developments in English for Specific Purposes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Duran, D., Flores, M., & Miquel, E. (2019). The teacher's role during cooperatie learning:should I leave the classroom when students are independently working in teams. Journal of Classroom Interaction, 54(2), 24-40. Retrieved August 23, 2025, from https://webs.uab.cat/grai/wp-content/uploads/sites/353/2023/02/final_54.2-25-41.pdf
16. Fabijanic, I., & Malenica, F. (2014). Abbriviations in English military termionology. Brno Studies in English, 39(1), 39-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/BSE2013-1-4
17. Ghufron , M. A., & Ermawati, S. (2018). The strengths and weaknesses of cooperative learning and problem -based learning in EFL writing class:Teachers and Students' perspectives . International Journal of Instruction, 11(4), 657-672. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.11441a
18. Gieseman, D. (2015). Effective Writing for Army Leaders. Military Review, 95(5), 106-118. Retrieved February 21, 2025, from https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20151031_art016.pdf
19. Gillies, R. M. (2016). Cooperative learning:review of research and practice. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 41(3), 39-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2016v41n3.3
20. Hyland, K. (2013). ESP and Writing. In B. Paltridge, & S. Starfield (Eds.), Handbook of English for Specific Purposes (pp. 95-114). Oxford: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118339855.CH5
21. Jalil, N. A., & Mohamad, M. (2024). Teachnology-Enhanced Collaborative Writing(TECW):Malaysian ESL teachers' challenges and strategies. Learning Media and Digitalization. 182, 1-11. The 5th Annual Confererence onEducation and Social Science. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202418202003
22. Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1999). Learning Together and Alone:Cooperative ,Competative,and Individual Learning (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
23. Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2002). Cooperative Learning and Social Interdependence Theory.In theory and research on small groups. US: Springer.
24. Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2007). Creative controversy:Academic conflict in the classroom (4th ed.). Edina, Minnesota: International Book Company.
25. Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2008). Social interdependence theory and cooperative learning. In R. M. Gillies, A. Ashman, & J. Terwel, Teacher`s Role in Implementing Cooperative Larning in the Classroom (pp. 9-37). New York: Springer. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70892-8_1
26. Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2009). An Educational Psychology Success Story :Social Interdependence Theory and Cooperative Learning. Educational Researcher, 38(5), 365-379. Retrieved August 20, 2015, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20532563
27. Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2014). Using technology to revolutionize cooperative learning:an opinion. Frontier in Psychology, 5(1156), 1-3. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01156
28. Kessler, G., Bikowski, D., & Boggs, J. (2012). Collaborative writing among second language learners in academic web-based projects. languuage learning & technology, 16(1), 91-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.64152/10125/44276
29. Khan, R. M., Mustafa, G., & Awan, A. A. (2020). Learners' attitudes on the infusion of cooperative learning in Education. Orental Reasearch Journal of Social Sciences, 5(2), pp. 164-175. Retrieved June 8, 2025, from https://www.gcwus.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/14.-Learners-Attitudes-on-the-Infusion-of-Cooperative-Learning.pdf
30. Liebech-Lien, B. (2020). The bumby road to implementing cooperative learning:towards sustained practice through collaborative action. Cognet Education, 7(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2020.1780056
31. Likaj, M. (2015). Teaching writing through communicative approach in Military English. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(20), pp. 102-107. Retrieved February 12, 2015, from https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/24203
32. Liton, H. A. (2014). Exploring teachers'attitudes towards ICT integration into ESP and EFL Classroom. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 11(5), 3-26. Retrieved May 5, 2025, from https://www.academia.edu/10156678/Exploring_Teachers_Attitude_towards_ICT_integration_into_ESP_and_EFL_Classroom
33. Liverano, G. (2024). The educational potential of collaborative writing mediated by digital tecnology in times of pandemic:a scoping review. Research on Education and Media, 16(1), 65-75. doi: 10.2478/rem-2024-0009
34. McNitt, A. (2021). Leadership and Military Writing:Direct,Organized ,Stratagic. Mlitary Review, 102(12), 121-128. Retrieved from https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/January-February-2021/
35. Ministry of Defence of Georgia. (2023, October 3). Retrieved from https://mod.gov.ge/ge/page/116/stanag-6001
36. Ministry of Defence of Gerogia. (2018). Education, STANAG 6001. Retrieved June 30, 2024, from Mnistry of Defence of Gerogia: https://mod.gov.ge/ge/page/116/stanag-6001
37. Moges, B. (2019). Practices and challemges of cooperative learning in selected college of Asi University :as a motivational factor on enhancing students' learning. Universial Journal of Psychology, 7(1), 1-17. doi:10.13189/ujp.2019.070101
38. Mohammad, H., & Mohammad, F. (2018). EFL learners' attitude towads cooperative learning in the writing skill. International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 54(5), 92-98. doi:10.30845/ijll.v5n4p11
39. Murad, T. (2021). The effect of teachers' attitudes towards collaborative instruction on Students' writing and speaking skills. 12(3), 343-351. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1203.03
40. Nair, S. M. (2018). Effect of utilizing the STAD method (cooperative learning approach) in enhancing students'descriptive writing skills. International Journal of Education and Practice, 6(4), 239-252. doi: 10.18488/journal.61.2018.64.239.252
41. NATO-Georgia Relations. (2025, May 4). Retrieved May 4, 2025, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia: https://mfa.gov.ge/en/nato/232016-saqartvelo-nato-s-urtiertobebi
42. Nou, H., Mok, S., Lim, S., & Em, S. (2025). Relashionship Between Stidents' attitudes Towards Cooperative learning strategies and their academic achievement . Journal of Social Knowledge Education (JSKE), 6(2), 200-210. doi: 10.37251/jske.v6i2.1606
43. Obilisteanu, G., & Niculescu, B. (2017). The Importance of Developing the Writing Skill in the Military. Knowledge-Based Organization. 23, pp. 343-348. Berlin: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2017-0140
44. Opedecam , E., & Everaert, P. (2018). SEven disagreements about cooperative learning. Accounting Education, 27(3), 223-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2018.1477056
45. Quyen, P. T. (2023). EFL students'perceptios towards cooperative learning in writing skills at a University in the Mekong Delta. 2(3), pp. 48-62. https://doi.org/10.54855/ijli.23232
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Published
2025-09-24
How to Cite
Chkotua, M., & Kharchilava, M. (2025). Teachers‘ Attitudes towards Using Cooperative Learning through Technology for Developing Writing Skills in a Military Context. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 45, 474. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/20068
Section
ESI Preprints
Copyright (c) 2025 Maia Chkotua, Maia Kharchilava
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
