Echoes of Ahimsa: The Historical Roots of Indian Philosophy of Peace and Its Relevance in Present Times

Abstract

The idea of Ahimsa (non-violence) has been a central theme in Indian thought and a key principle in building peace for centuries. This paper traces the historical journey of Ahimsa–from its early mentions in Vedic texts and the Upanishads to its more explicit expressions in Jainism, Buddhism, and the Bhagavad Gita. A significant turning point came during the rule of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka. After the Kalinga War, his edicts promoted tolerance, social welfare, and nonviolent diplomacy, demonstrating how Ahimsa influenced governance and relations between states. In later centuries, the Bhakti and Sufi movements spread the message of non-violence and compassion in everyday life, encouraging harmony among diverse communities. In the modern period, Mahatma Gandhi gave Ahimsa a new meaning–as a way to resist injustice peacefully. His idea of Satyagraha not only guided India’s struggle for independence but also inspired global movements such as the U.S. Civil Rights Movement and the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa. This paper examines how Ahimsa transcended religious and cultural boundaries to become a principle for resolving conflicts, preserving the environment, and promoting intercultural dialogue. It draws on methods from history, philosophy, political science, and peace studies to argue that Ahimsa offers a valuable approach to addressing today’s challenges–such as climate change, communal conflicts, and ethical concerns in emerging technologies. By revisiting these past moments, this study demonstrates that peace is not merely the absence of war; it is also the presence of harmony. It is an active process based on empathy, fairness, and shared responsibility. The Indian philosophy of Ahimsa still offers lessons for building fairer and more sustainable paths to peace in the 21st century.