Migration and Immobility in Afghanistan: Understanding Drivers, Consequences, and Their Implications for Peace

Mohibullah Hakeemi

doi:10.19044/esj.2026.v22n37p34

Mohibullah Hakeemi Master's Candidate in International Relations, Social Sciences Institute, Social Sciences University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey

DOI: https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2026.v22n37p34

Keywords: International Relations, Migration, Immobility, Peace, Afghanistan

Abstract

This study examines both processes of migration and immobility in Afghanistan by focusing on two groups: Afghans currently residing within the country and Afghan migrants living abroad in Türkiye, Australia, the United States, Pakistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, and France. Utilizing a quantitative methodology, a purposive snowball sampling strategy was employed; two separate 20-question surveys were developed to assess demographics, drivers of migration or immobility, and the resulting impacts on participants’ lives. The questionnaires were provided in English and Dari to maximize accessibility, and data were collected from 56 respondents aged 18 and above (n=34 residing in Afghanistan; n=22 residing abroad) during May and June of 2023. The study concludes that both migration and immobility significantly impact employment, income, social life, mental health, well-being, and access to public services, including healthcare, education, and legal services. Furthermore, migration and immobility influence the sending and receiving of remittances, the overall living situation of Afghans, and the broader prospects for peace. This study fills the gap in immobility literature within the context of Afghanistan and contributes to a deeper understanding of the drivers and consequences of population movement and its implications for peace. In light of the post-August 2021 migration wave, this study provides data for policymakers and academics in the fields of migration, immobility, and peace studies, while advocating for support for both migrants and those who remain in the country.

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