The Evolution of the Georgian Notariat: From the StateControlled Soviet System to Professional Independence and Digital Modernization
Keywords:
Notarial system; Latin-type notariat; Post-Soviet legal transformation; Professional independence of notaries; Digitalization of notarial services; Comparative law
Abstract
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the restoration of Georgia’s state independence, a comprehensive transformation of legal systems began across the post-Soviet space, aimed at modernizing Soviet legal institutions and aligning them with European legal standards. In this process, an institutional reform of the notariat was carried out, resulting in the gradual evolution of the notarial system into a professionally independent legal institution. In a historical context, the notariat functioned as a strictly centralized state institution within the Soviet legal system, where notaries were public officials and their activities were subject to administrative control. This model was ill-suited to the demands of a market economy and private law, thereby necessitating institutional reform of the notariat in the post-Soviet period (Palmer, 2012; Smits, 2020). In the course of this process, a Latin-type (“independent”) notariat emerged and developed alongside the state notariat in some of the post-Soviet countries (Sukhitashvili, 2012, p. 25). This model is based on the professional independence of notaries and the safeguarding of private-law security (Zoidze, 2005). The present article aims to analyze the institutional transformation of the Georgian notariat in the post-Soviet period and assess the impact of legislative reforms on the development of the notarial profession. The study is based on a doctrinal and comparative legal analysis encompassing the comparison of Georgian legislation and European notary systems. It is noteworthy that Georgia was among the first countries to introduce online notarial services. Besides, the study examines the extent to which the transition from the Soviet state notarial model to a Latin-type notarial system has ensured the strengthening of the professional independence of notaries and the improvement of legal certainty in civil transactions in Georgia. According to the research hypothesis, the legislative and institutional reforms implemented in Georgia, have played a significant role in strengthening the notarial profession and enhancing the reliability of legal acts. Nevertheless, the further development of institutional mechanisms and practical legal instruments continues to pose a significant challenge to achieving the full effectiveness of the notarial system and its complete adaptation to the contemporary legal environment, particularly in the context of ongoing digital and technological transformation. The study argues that the Georgian experience reflects a broader pattern in which the hybridization of Latin legal principles with digital governance may constitute an emerging model of post-socialist legal modernization.
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3. Akhalkatsi, E. (2025). The problem of enforcement of notarial acts (Comparative analysis). Journal of Law, (1), 62. https://doi.org/10.60131/jlaw.1.2025.9276
4. Basyarudin, B. (2024). The evolution and significance of notarial law in modern legal systems. Law and Business, 4(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.2478/law.2024.0002
5. Baur, J. F., & Stürner, R. (1999). Sachenrecht. München, 154.
6. Böck, R. (2020). The system of the German notariat. The Magazine of Comparative Law, (8), 1-10. https://lawjournal.ge/8-2020-1-11/
7. Bormann, J., & Bender, P. M. (2024). Judge Without Lawsuit: The Notary in Civil Law Countries (pp. 1, 7, 31). München: C.H. Beck Recht – Wirtschaft – Steuern. https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406833427
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9. Calvo Caravaca, A.-L., & Carrascosa González, J. (2020). Poderes autorizados por notarios extranjeros y compraventa de inmuebles situados en España / Power of Attorney Authorized by Foreign Notaries and Purchase of Property Located in Spain. Revista de Derecho Internacional Privado, 2020(5179), 11, 54-56. https://doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5179
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13. Deckers, E. (2001). Notarial practice, deontology and structures. Notary of Georgia, (3-4), 10.
14. Delmas, C. (2023). The feminisation of the notary profession in France: End of a patriarchal bastion or sedimentation of a gender stratification? International Journal of the Legal Profession, 33(4), 50. https://doi.org/10.1080/09695958.2023.2190898
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16. European e-Justice Portal. (2023). Notaries in Estonia.
17. Federal Notaries’ Chamber. (2022). Notaries in Germany.
18. Fedorenko, N. V., Denisenko, S. V., Sukhovenko, A. V., & Dzyuba, L. M. (2017). Comparative legal analysis of mediation in Russia and the EU. European Research Studies Journal, 20(1), 94-103.
19. Gassen, D. (2006). A system of trust: German civil law notaries and their role in providing trustworthy electronic documents and communications. Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review, 3, 69-72.
20. Gassen, D. (2023). Age restrictions for notaries – Gloss on the judgment of the Federal Court of Justice (BGH). Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review, 3(0), 69-72. https://doi.org/10.14296/deeslr.v3i0.1776
21. Gogoladze, M., & Mariamidze, G. (2016). Notary Law (Book 1), Tbilisi.
22. Gogoladze, M. (2014). From the History of the Development of Notaries. Young Lawyers (1), 24–25.
23. Goldsmith, J. (2008). The core values of the legal profession for lawyers today and tomorrow. Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, 28(3), 451. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1674&context=njilb
24. Gotua, L. (2009). Enforcement of foreign court decisions and foreign arbitration awards (thesis, Tbilisi), 14.
25. Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH). (2023). e-Apostille Programme (e-APP). https://www.hcch.net/
26. Hall, E. G. (2015, September 17). The common law and civil law notary in the European Union: A shared heritage and an influential future? [Paper delivered to the Notaries Society of England and Wales, London]. Institute of Notarial Studies, Faculty of Notaries Public in Ireland. https://www.notariespublic.org.uk/resources/common-law-civil-law-notary-eu
27. Hellwig, H. J. (2003). The legal profession in Europe: Achievements, challenges and chances. German Law Journal, 4(3), 263-276 https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200015947
28. Hendley, K. (2017). Legal professionals in post-Soviet Russia and Eurasia. Law & Social Inquiry, 42(2), 1-23.
29. International Union of Notaries (UINL). (n.d.). About us. https://uinl.org
30. Jordan, M. I., & Mitchell, T. M. (2015). Machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospects. Science, 349(6245), 255-260.
31. Kandashvili, I. Turazashvili, G. (2018). Profession – Lawyer. Tbilisi GIZ, 31.
32. Kereselidze, D. (2009). General Systemic Concepts of Private Law. Tbilisi, 41-42.
33. Kharitonashvili, N. (2018-2019). Mediation in the Georgian Notary Public. Year Book – Alternative Dispute Resolution, Special Edition,7-30.
34. Kharitonashvili, N. (2021). Notary Law, Tbilisi, 23, 31-32.
35. Khubua, G. (2004). Theory of Law, Tbilisi, The Meridian, 212.
36. Köbler, G. (2017). Juristisches Wörterbuch (25th ed.). C.H. Beck.
37. Lapachi, E. (2016). The impact of registration of property rights on immovable property on the exercise and protection of property rights. Thesis, Tbilisi, 160.
38. Lee, S., & Park, H. (2021). Digital transformation in notarial services: Opportunities and challenges. Technology and Law Journal, 37(3), 416.
39. Loi du 25 ventôse an XI contenant organisation du notariat (16 mars 1803). (1803). Légifrance. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/LEGISCTA000006118869/
40. López Jiménez, D., Dittmar, E. C., & Vargas Portillo, J. P. (2022). The trusted third party or digital notary in Spain: Effect on virtual transactions. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 36(3), 453-469. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2021.2004760
41. Makhatadze, N. (2021). Procedural issues related to the issuance of an enforcement document by a notary. Justice and Law,3(71), 58-72.
42. Martínez-Velencoso, L. M. (2017). The role of the notary in the Spanish legal system. European Review of Private Law, 25(4), 679-698.
43. Migriauli, R. (2004). Bankruptcy Creditor as One of the Parties to Bankruptcy Proceedings. Collection of Georgian Private Law (Book I, p. 179). Tbilisi.
44. Milotić, Ivan. Historical Uniformity and Diversity of Notaries in the Shadow of Their Modern Transformation. In: Uzelac, A., van Rhee, C. H. (eds.), Transformation of Civil Justice. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol. 70. Springer International Publishing AG, 2018, PG. 401-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97358-6_21
45. Minister of Justice of Georgia (2010, March 31). On the Procedure for Performing Notarial Acts [Order No. 71]. Tbilisi, Georgia.https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1309501
46. Ministerio de Justicia. (2023). Apostilla electrónica. https://sede.mjusticia.gob.es
47. Muthorst, O. (2019). Basis of Jurisprudence (D. Maisuradze, translator). Tbilisi: Meridian; German International Cooperation Agency GIZ, p. 36.
48. Notaries Chamber of Estonia. (2021). Digital notarial services.
49. Ordre des Notaires de France. (2023). The notarial profession.
50. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2020). Digital government review of Estonia. OECD Publishing.
51. Ostermiller, Steven M., & Swenson, Dillane R. (2014). Alternative Dispute Resolution in Georgia: A Basic Guide. Tbilisi: Meridian, p. 127.
52. Palmer, V. V. (2012). Mixed jurisdictions worldwide: The third legal family. Cambridge University Press.
53. Pepen, P. (2003). Circulation of notarial acts and their importance in the legal sphere. Georgian Notary, (3-4), 9.
54. Pittori, S. (2025). The role of the legal profession in Europe. Copernican Journal of Law, 2(1), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.71042/CJL01202505
55. Recommendations regarding the issuance of a writ of execution. (2022, December 28). Notary/cloud.gov.ge, document. http://notary.cloud.gov.ge/res/docs/shida/menu/saagsrulebo_furtslis_gacema.pdf
56. Schwachtgen, A. (2002). Notary's Activities for the Benefit of Civil Society. Notary of Georgia, (3-4), 8.
57. Shamatava, I. (2024). The standard of equal protection of parties’ rights and obligations in a loan agreement. Bona Causa & Caucasus University Press, 123-128.
58. Signorini, E., & Zambardino, F. (2024). La blockchain e la telemedicina: quali opzioni per la sicurezza e l’integrità dei dati sanitari. Federalismi.it, 27, 205. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10446/288296
59. Sirdadze, L. (2020). Headlines in Georgian and German Notarial Certificates. Georgian-German Journal of Comparative Law/ Deutsch-Georgische Zeitschrift für Rechtsvergleichung, (12), 33.
60. Smits, J. M. (2020). Advanced introduction to comparative law. Edward Elgar Publishing.
61. Soergel, H. T. (1986). Kommentar zum BGB (Vol. 2/1), 1034–1035.
62. Stevens, F. (2004). La loi de ventôse contenant organisation du notariat et sa genèse. Bruxelles: Bruylant. https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/11333?lang=en
63. Sukhitashvili, D. (2012). Notary Law 25, 308.
64. Syrgakova, Z. A. (2019). Historical aspects of the institute of notary in the Soviet period. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 09(77), 377-380. https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2019.09.77.68
65. Tbilisi City Court Civil Cases Panel. (2021, July 07). Judgement on case No. 2/22036-19. Available only in the court archive.
66. The Law of Georgia On Notary. (1996). Article 38. Bodies of the Parliament of Georgia,№12, 31/05/1996. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/33022?publication=11
67. Trías de Bes, F. (1975). Valor internacional del documento notarial. Ponencias presentadas por el Notariado español a los Congresos Internacionales del Notariado Latino, II, Madrid, 435-460.
68. Uitdehaag J., Kurtauli S., (2013). Review of the Georgian Enforcement System: The Georgian Enforcement System in National and International Contexts (pp. 130, 263). Tbilisi.
69. Villasenor, John, and Virginia Foggo. Artificial Intelligence, Due Process and Criminal Sentencing. 2020 Michigan State Law Review 295, 300-302.
70. Wagner, W. J. (1985). The role and functions of the legal professions: A comparative study. University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 4(1), 1.
71. Zambardino, F., & Shamatava, I. (2025). Crypto Democracy: Code as the architecture of collective will and the new foundations of governance. Rivista Italiana di Conflittologia, N. 51/2025, 100-131. https://www.conflittologia.it/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Rivista-51-completa.pdf
72. Zhang, X. (2013). The landscape of the legal professions in Europe and the USA: Continuity and change. University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository, Law Librarian Scholarship Other Publication Series, 237. https://repository.law.umich.edu/librarian/13
73. Zimmermann, R. (2006). The law of obligations: Roman foundations of the civilian tradition. Oxford University Press.
74. Zoidze, B. (2005). Introduction to Georgian Civil Law. Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University Press.
Published
2026-04-15
How to Cite
Gogoladze, M., & Shamatava, I. (2026). The Evolution of the Georgian Notariat: From the StateControlled Soviet System to Professional Independence and Digital Modernization. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 52, 495. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/20906
Section
ESI Preprints
Copyright (c) 2026 Marika Gogoladze, Irakli Shamatava
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
