Perceptions des enseignants quant à leur rôle dans le soutien à la santé mentale des élèves : une étude par Q-méthodologie
Abstract
La santé mentale des élèves constitue aujourd’hui un enjeu croissant pour les systèmes éducatifs, en particulier dans les contextes où les dispositifs spécialisés demeurent limités. Au Maroc, les enseignants sont progressivement amenés à intervenir dans l’identification et l’accompagnement des difficultés socio-émotionnelles des élèves. Toutefois, leurs représentations de ce rôle et les ressources qu’ils mobilisent restent peu documentées. Cette étude mobilise la Q-méthodologie afin d’explorer les points de vue d’enseignants marocains concernant leur implication dans le soutien à la santé mentale des élèves. Cinquante enseignants du primaire et du secondaire, issus de milieux urbains et ruraux, ont classé quarante énoncés selon une distribution quasi-normale forcée. L’analyse factorielle par la méthode centroid, suivie d’une rotation varimax, a permis d’identifier trois configurations distinctes expliquant 90,4 % de la variance. Les résultats mettent en évidence des articulations différenciées entre l’engagement émotionnel, le soutien organisationnel perçu et la définition des frontières professionnelles. Si certains enseignants intègrent pleinement cette mission à leur identité professionnelle, d’autres privilégient une responsabilité individuelle dans un contexte de ressources institutionnelles limitées, ou encore une approche fondée sur l’orientation structurée et la responsabilité partagée. En dépassant les approches centrées sur les variables, cette recherche éclaire les structures subjectives de signification qui orientent l’engagement enseignant et souligne l’importance de renforcer conjointement les ressources psychologiques et organisationnelles au sein d’un système éducatif en transformation.
Students’ mental health has become an increasing responsibility within educational systems, particularly in contexts where specialized support services remain limited. In Morocco, teachers are progressively expected to play a frontline role in identifying and responding to students’ socio-emotional difficulties. However, their subjective role representations and the ways they rely on personal and institutional resources remain insufficiently examined. This study employs Q methodology to explore Moroccan teachers’ perceptions of their involvement in students’ mental health support. Fifty primary and secondary school teachers from urban and rural settings sorted forty statements using a forced quasi-normal distribution. Centroid factor analysis with varimax rotation identified three distinct and interpretable viewpoints explaining 90.4 percent of the variance. The findings reveal differentiated configurations of emotional engagement, perceived institutional support, and role boundaries. While some teachers integrate mental health support into their core professional identity, others emphasize individual responsibility despite limited institutional resources, and a third group prioritizes structured referral mechanisms and shared responsibility. By moving beyond traditional variable-centered approaches, this study highlights the subjective meaning structures shaping teacher engagement and underscores the importance of strengthening both psychological and organizational support systems in evolving educational contexts.
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