Impact des rejets d’abattoir sur la qualité de l’eau de la rivière Yilia à N’Zérékoré (Guinée) : analyse amont–aval
Abstract
La qualité des eaux de rivière est fortement influencée par les rejets domestiques et industriels, notamment ceux des abattoirs. Cette étude évalue l’impact des rejets de l’abattoir communal sur la qualité des eaux de la rivière Yilia à N’Zérékoré (Guinée). Les échantillonnages ont été réalisés durant la saison sèche de décembre 2021 à février 2022, en amont (STA) et en aval (SAV) du site de rejet. Les analyses ont porté sur les paramètres physico-chimiques et microbiologiques de l’eau. Les déchets solides et liquides ont été quantifiés par enquêtes et mesures directes. Les résultats révèlent une dégradation significative de la qualité de l’eau en aval, caractérisée par une turbidité élevée (57,6 ± 21,8 NTU), des matières en suspension importantes (400 ± 50 mg/L) et une contamination bactérienne notable (coliformes fécaux : 33,9 ± 4,9 UFC/100 mL). Ces valeurs dépassent les recommandations pour la qualité environnementale des eaux de surface et, pour certains paramètres, les normes de potabilité. L’abattoir produit environ 1,4 t de déchets solides/semi-solides et 1 458 L d’effluents liquides, déversés sans traitement préalable dans le milieu récepteur. Les différences entre stations sont statistiquement significatives (p < 0,05). Ces résultats confirment l’impact négatif des rejets d’abattoir sur la qualité de l’eau de la rivière Yilia et soulignent la nécessité de stratégies de gestion durable des déchets et effluents afin de préserver cet écosystème aquatique et la santé publique.
River water quality is strongly influenced by domestic and industrial discharges, particularly those from slaughterhouses. This study assesses the impact of discharges from the municipal slaughterhouse on the water quality of the Yilia River in N'Zérékoré, Guinea. Sampling was carried out during the dry season from December 2021 to February 2022, upstream (STA) and downstream (SAV) of the discharge site. Analyses focused on the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the water. Solid and liquid waste were quantified through surveys and direct measurements. The results reveal a significant degradation of water quality downstream, characterized by high turbidity (57.6 ± 21.8 NTU), high levels of suspended solids (400 ± 50 mg/L), and significant bacterial contamination (fecal coliforms: 33.9 ± 4.9 CFU/100 mL). These values exceed the recommendations for surface water environmental quality and, for some parameters, drinking water standards. The slaughterhouse produces approximately 1.4 tonnes of solid/semi-solid waste and 1,458 liters of liquid effluent, discharged untreated into the receiving environment. The differences between treatment plants are statistically significant (p < 0.05). These results confirm the negative impact of slaughterhouse discharges on the water quality of the Yilia River and highlight the need for sustainable waste and effluent management strategies to preserve this aquatic ecosystem and public health.
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