Evaluation of Facial Soft-Tissue Morphology among Different Vertical Skeletal Profile

Ghadir  Abdulal; Aly  Osman; Ahmed  Abyad

doi:10.19044/esj.2022.v18n11p117

Ghadir Abdulal Department of Developmental Sciences, Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon.
Aly Osman Assist. Prof. of Orthodontic. Department of Developmental Sciences, Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
Ahmed Abyad Assist. Prof. of Dental Biomaterials & Operative and Esthetic Dentistry. Department of Oral Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon

DOI: https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n11p117

Keywords: Lip thickness, Chin thickness, Lip procumbency

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare facial groups classified according to their vertical skeletal characteristics (hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent) and to their respective soft tissue morphological features, particularly those relating to the lips and chin. 90 Lateral cephalometric x-rays were collected from the Orthodontic clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, Beirut Arab University and divided into 3 equal groups based on mandibular plane angle, hypodivergent facial type (SN/MP <27°), normodivergent facial type (SN/MP between 27° and 37°), hyperdivergent facial type (SN/MP >37°). The mean upper and lower lips thickness was maximum among hypodivergent group (8.95 mm and 9.35 mm, respectively). The mean upper lip height was maximum among hyperdivergent group (11.3 mm), while lower lip height was maximum among hypodivergent group (25.32 mm). The mean procumbency of upper (PUL) and lower lips (PLL) was maximum among hypodivergent (2.08 mm and 0.87 mm, respectively). However, the mean chin thickness was maximum among hyperdivergent group (7.84 mm). Statistically significant difference among the three groups were observed only in Hypo vs Normo-divergent groups in ULT. Concerning PUL and PLL, there was a statistically significant differences between the different groups in Hypo vs Normodivergent and Hypo vs Hyperdivergent groups. It was concluded that the thickness of upper and lower lip, height of lower lip, and procumbency of both lips showed to be greater in hypodivergent facial patterns.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

PlumX Statistics

References

1. Al-Mashhadany, S. M., Al-Chalabi, H. M. H., & Nahidh, M. (2015). Evaluation of Facial Soft Tissue Thickness in Normal Adults with Different Vertical Discrepancies. Int J Sc Res, 6(2): 938-942.
2. Al–Sayagh, N. M., Saleem, N. R., & Abdul–Qadir, M. Y. (2011). Analysis of Soft Tissue Facial Profile in Different Vertical Growth Patterns. Al–Rafidain Dent J, 11(2): 346-356.
3. Ashraf, K, Kulshrestha, R, Azam, A, Shabir, S, Kaur, H. (2018). Soft tissue analysis of chin, upper lip length, and thickness in patients with different mandibular divergent patterns - A cephalometric study. IP Indian J Orthod Dentofacial Res, 4(2):88-93.
4. Blanchette, M. E., Nanda, R. S., Currier, G., Ghosh, J., & Nanda, S. K. (1996). A longitudinal cephalometric study of the soft tissue profile of short- and long-face syndromes from 7 to 17 years. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop, 1996; 109:116-31.
5. Boneco, C., & Jardim, L. (2005). Estudo da morfologia labial em pacientes com padrão facial vertical alterado. Rev Port Estom Med Dent Cir Maxilofac, 46(2):69-80.
6. Burstone C. J. (1958). The integumental profile. Am J Orthod., 44:1-25.
7. Celikoglu, M., Buyuk, S. K., Sekerci, A. E., Ersoz, M., Celik, S., & Sisman, Y. (2014). Facial soft tissue thickness in patients affected by bilateral cleft lip and palate: a retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 146: 573-8.
8. Cezairli, N. S. (2017). Comparisons of Soft Tissue Thickness Measurements in Adult Patients with Various Vertical Patterns. Meandros Med Dent J, 18:120-9.
9. Daenecke, S., Bianchini, E. M., & da Silva, A. P. (2006). Anthropometrical measurements of the height of the upper lip and length of the philtrum. Pro-fono: revista de atualizacao cientifica, 18(3), 249–258.
10. Farkas, L.G., & Kolar, J. C. (1994). Anthropometry of the Head and Face. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press, P:219–233.
11. Feres, M. F. N, Hitos, S. F., Paulo de Sousa, H. I., & Matsumoto, M. A. N. (2010). Comparison of soft tissue size between different facial patterns. Dental Press J Orthod, 15(4):84-93.
12. Jacobson, A. (1995). Radiographic cephalometry from basics to video imaging. 1st ed. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co.
13. Jeelani, W., Fida, M., & Shaikh, A. (2016). Facial soft tissue analysis among various vertical facial patterns. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 28(1):29-34.
14. Ksai, K. (1998). Soft tissue adaptability to hard tissues in facial profiles. Am J Orthod Detofacial Orthop, 113(6):674–684.
15. Kim, K. A., Chang, Y. J., Lee, S. H., An, H. J., & Park, K. H. (2019). Three-dimensional soft tissue changes according to skeletal changes after mandibular setback surgery by using cone-beam computed tomography and a structured light scanner. Prog Orthod., 20(1):25.
16. Lai, J., Ghosh, J., &Nanda, R. S. (2000). Effect of orthodontic therapy on the facial profile in long and short vertical facial patterns, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 118(5):505-13.
17. Lundstrom, F., & Lundstrom, A. (1992). Natural head position as a basis for cephalometric analysis. Am.J.Orthod.Dentofacial Orthop, 101: 244-247.
18. Macari, A. T., & Hanna, A. E. (2014). Comparisons of soft tissue chin thickness in adult patients with various mandibular divergence patterns. Angle Orthod, 84(4):708-14.
19. Mohammed, S. A., Nissan, L. M. K., Ahmed, H. M. A., & Nahidh, M. (2018). Sagittal Lips' Positions in Different Facial Types. J Res Med Dent Sci, (1): 16-21.
20. Nanda, R. S., Meng, H., Kapila, S., & Goorhuis, J. (1990). Growth changes in the facial soft tissue profile. Angle orthod, 60:177-190
21. Parihar, A. V., Prasanth, A. K., Patel, D., &Verma, S. (2019). Understanding the Importance of Soft Tissue with Cephalometry in Orthodontics - A Comparative Study in Gujarati Population. J Contemp Orthod, 3(1): 33-37.
22. Rakosi, T. (1982). An atlas and manual of cephalometric radiography. 2nd Ed. London: Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd.
23. Ramos, A. L., Sakima, M. T., Pinto, A. S., & Bowman, S. J. (2005). Upper lip changes correlated to maxillary incisor retraction - a metallic implant study. Angle Orthod, 75(4):499-505.
24. Rasool, G., Hussain, T., Hussain, U., Zahra, F., & Shah, A. (2016). Comparisons of soft tissue chin thickness in adult patients with various mandibular divergence patterns. Pakistan Orthod J, 8: 53-57.
25. Saxby, P. J., & Freer, T. J. (1985). Dentoskeletal determinants of soft tissue morphology. Angle Orthod, 55(2):147–154.
26. Shamlan, M. A., & Aldrees, A. M. (2015). Hard and soft tissue correlations in facial profiles: a canonical correlation study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent, 12(7):9-15.
27. Spyropoulos, M. N., & Halazonetis, D. J. (2001). Significance of soft tissue profile on facial esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 119(5): 464–471.
28. Subramaniam, S., Karthi, M., Kumar, K. P., & Raja, S. (2016). Comparison of soft tissue chin prominence in various mandibular divergence patterns of Tamil Nadu population. J Indian Acad Dent Spec Res, 3:39-42.
29. Subtelny, J. D. (1959). A longitudinal study of soft tissue facial structures and their profile characteristics, defined in relation to underlying skeletal structures. Am J Orthod., 45:481-507.
30. Taki, A. A., Oguz, F., & Abuhijleh, E. (2009). Facial soft tissue values in Persian adults with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces. Angle Orthod.,79(3):491-4.
31. Tikku, T., Khanna, R., Sachan, K., Maurya, R. P., Veram, G., & Agarwal, M. (2014). Arnett’s soft-tissue cephalometric analysis norms for the North Indian population: A cephalometric study. J Indian Orthod Soc, 48(4): 224-32.
32. Toth, E. K., Oliver, D. R., Hudson, J. M., & Kim, K. B. (2016). Relationships between soft tissues in a posed smile and vertical cephalometric skeletal measurements. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.,150(2):378-85.
33. Turley, P. K. (2015). Evolution of esthetic considerations in orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 148(3):374-9.