Museums and Crisis Management due to Covid -19. Effects of Pandemic and the Role of Digital and Social Networks Communication
Keywords:
Italian museums, covid-19 effects, crisis management, digital strategy
Abstract
The overall purpose of this study is the effects of lockdown within Italian museums caused by the Coronavirus disease-19 (Covid-19) emergency. During the pandemic, the museums are being closed, and the use of digital content and social networks seems to have been the solution to overcome the closure problem. The study analyzes the role of digital content and tools in communication to manage the shock due to Covid-19. The basic design of the research recurs to the crisis management model used to analyze three stages crossed by museums as preparedness, reaction, and recovery. The study involved several Italian museums grouped according to the art collection, governance, and funding sources. A semi-structured questionnaire was sent to them. The main findings show the presence of digital as a strategy already adopted by museums before the outbreak. However, the results reveal the absence of a preventive phase as requested by the model of crisis management. At the same time, it has emerged the need to adapt the digital content to guarantee the mission of fruition for the public.
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References
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2. Aliber, R. Z., & Kindleberger, C. P. (2015). Manias, panics, and crashes: A history of financial crises (p. 256). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
3. Angelini, S. (2020). Cerved Rating Agency-The impact of Coronavirus on Italian non-financial corporates.
www.ratingagency.cerved.com
4. Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., ... & Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature human behaviour, 4(5), 460-471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
5. Bertacchini, E., & Morando, F. (2013). The future of museums in the digital age: New models for access to and use of digital collections. International Journal of Arts Management, 15(2), 60-72. http://www.evpsi.org/
6. Bland, M. (1995). Strategic crisis management. In Strategic public relations (pp. 276-298). Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13481-6_16
7. Bland, M. (2016). Communicating out of a crisis. Springer.
8. Booth, S. A. (2015). Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge.
9. Bradburne, J. M. (2020). Editorial. Museum Management, and Curatorship, 35 (3), 213-214.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09647775.2020.1762324?src=recsys
10. Chien, G. C., & Law, R. (2003). The impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome on hotels: a case study of Hong Kong. International journal of hospitality management, 22(3), 327-332.
11. Coombs, W. T. (1995). Choosing the right words: The development of guidelines for the selection of the “appropriate” crisis-response strategies. Management communication quarterly, 8(4), 447-476.
12. Decreto Legge “Rilancio” (2020). Retrieved July 4, 2020, from https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legge:2020-05-19;34
13. European Commission. (2019). Indice di digitalizzazione dell’economia e della società (DESI). https://ec.europa.eu/digital-
14. Evans, N., & Elphick, S. (2005). Models of crisis management: An evaluation of their value for strategic planning in the international travel industry. International journal of tourism research, 7(3), 135-150.
15. Farantos, G. I., & Koutsoukis, N. S. (2016). A COMPARATIVE STUDY of HEALTH UNITS of the 6TH GREEK HEALTH REGION DURING an ECONOMIC CRISIS PERIOD through DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS METHOD. Journal of Media Critiques [JMC], 2(8).
16. Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism management, 22(2), 135-147.
17. Fink, S., & American Management Association. (1986). Crisis management: Planning for the inevitable. Amacom,.
18. Fraser, J. (2019). A Discomforting definition of museum. Curator: The Museum Journal, 62(4), 501-504.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cura.12345
19. Frigo M., & Stabile, S.(2020). Musei e digitalizzazione nell’emergenza Covid-19. Focus Team Arte e beni culturali 4 Maggio 2020. https://ddfzdmww8urne.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/13163835/FT-Arte_-Musei-e-digitalizzazione-nellemergenza-Covid-19_4-maggio-20201.pdf
20. Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of sustainable tourism, 29(1), 1-20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
21. Heath, R. L. (1998). Crisis management for managers and executives: Business crises, the definitive handbook to reduction, readiness, response, and recovery. Financial Times/Pitman Pub..
22. European Commission. (2020). How the EU responds to the coronavirus outbreak in support of the cultural and creative sectors | Retrieved July 4, 2020, from
https://ec.europa.eu/culture/news/coronavirus-how-eu-responds-outbreak-support-cultural-and-creative-sectors_en
23. International Council of Museums. (2020). Museums, museum professionals, and COVID-19.
https://icom.museum/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Report-Museums-and-COVID-19.pdf
24. Jewitt, C. (2012). Digital technologies in museums: New routes to engagement and participation’. Designs for Learning, 5(1-2). https://doi.org/10.2478/dfl-2014-0005
25. Kahn, R. (2020). Locked down not locked out–Assessing the digital response of museums to COVID-19. Impact of Social Sciences Blog. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/
26. Lampis, A. (2017). Towards an expanded concept of welfare definition. Cultural welfare projects of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano. Economia della Cultura, (1), 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1446/86587
27. Malraux, A. (1967). Museum Without Walls. Translated From the French by Stuart Gilbert and Francis Price.
https://philpapers.org/rec/MALMWW-2
28. Mackay, R. (2021). An Abrupt and Brutal Audit: An Analysis of the Crisis Management Response of UK Museums and Heritage Attractions to the Covid-19 Pandemic. Museum International, 73(3-4), 8-19.
29. Meyers, G. C., & Holusha, J. (1987). When it hits the fan: Managing the nine crises of business. Berkley.
30. Mitroff, I. I., Pearson, C. M., & Harrington, L. K. (1996). The essential guide to managing corporate crises: A step-by-step handbook for surviving major catastrophes. Oxford University Press.
31. Mitroff, I. I. (2005). Why some companies emerge stronger and better from a crisis: 7 essential lessons for surviving disaster. AMACOM/American Management Association.
32. National measures to alleviate the impact of COVID-19 on the cultural and creative sectors AT (4/6/20) COVID-19 Measures for culture in Austria. (n.d.).
33. NEMO. (2020). Survey on the impact of the COVID-19 situation on museums in Europe Final Report.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/08/amsterdam-doughnut-model-mend-post-coronavirus-economy
34. Ou, J. (2020). China Science and Technology Museum boosting fight against COVID-19. Museum Management and Curatorship, 35(3), 227-232.https://doi.org/10.1080/09647775.2020.1762361
35. Seymour, M., & Moore, S. (2000). Effective crisis management: Worldwide principles and practice. Cassell.
36. Soren, B. J., & Canadian Heritage Information Network. (2005). Best practices in creating quality online experiences for museum users. Museum management and curatorship, 20(2), 131-148.
37. Taneja, S., Pryor, M. G., Sewell, S., & Recuero, A. M. (2014). Strategic crisis management: A basis for renewal and crisis prevention. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 15(1), 78.
38. Verdon, M. T. (2020). Art in time of Corona virus. Museum Management and Curatorship, 35(3), 215-216.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09647775.2020.1762357
39. Vom Lehn, D., & Heath, C. (2005). Accounting for new technology in museum exhibitions. International Journal of Arts Management, 11-21.
40. Wang, M. C., & Lin, J. Q. P. (2018). The Future Museum shapes the museum future: A progressive strategy of the National Palace Museum adopting new media art exhibitions as a marketing tool. Arts and the Market. https://doi.org/10.1108/aam-12-2017-0030
41. World Health Organization. (2020). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. WHO Director General’s Speeches.
https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
42. Xu, Y. (2021). Mobility, digital media, and museums: Norwegian museums in the face of COVID-19 pandemic crisis (Master's thesis).
Published
2022-06-30
How to Cite
Marzano, M., & Castellini, M. (2022). Museums and Crisis Management due to Covid -19. Effects of Pandemic and the Role of Digital and Social Networks Communication. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 18(19), 37. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n19p37
Section
ESJ Social Sciences
Copyright (c) 2022 Marianna Marzano, Monia Castellini
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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