Diabete African en France
Abstract
Introduction: Le diabète africain ou diabète atypique désigne un type spécifique de diabète présentant au départ des stigmates d’un diabète de type 1 mais dont l’évolution ultérieure se fait vers un diabète de type 2 avec la possibilité d’une longue phase de rémission. Nous discuterons dans cet article a travers un cas clinique chez un sujet d’origine africaine, des spécificités diagnostiques, métaboliques, physiopathologiques et prise en charge de ce type de diabète. Patients et méthodes : Il s’agit d’une observation clinique particulière d’un patient d’origine africaine vivant en France ayant un diabète atypique. Cas clinique : Patient, âgée de 33 ans, a été hospitalisé pour une acidocétose diabétique. Il a une hérédité familiale de diabète de type 2, un surpoids (IMC = 28,73 Kg/m2). Une insulinothérapie a été instaurée. Le bilan étiologique de cette décompensation métabolique et la recherche de d’anticorps anti-GAD et anti-IA2 sont négatifs. Après 3 mois d’insulinothérapie, on obtient un équilibre glycémique satisfaisant marqué par une HbA1c à 7 % et un peptide C remonté à 300 pmol/l (pour une GV à 1,09g/l). Au bilan du 6 mois, le patient présente un parfait équilibre glycémique (HbA1C : 6,4 %), avec un peptide C qui s’est normalisé à 870 pmol/l (pour une GV à 1,29g/l). C’est qui a permis de proposer l’arrêt de l’insulinothérapie malheureusement récusé par le patient pour des raisons sociales. Aucune anomalie n’a été objectivée au fond de l’œil, ni à l’électro-cardiogramme, ni à l’évaluation de la fonction rénale (Clairance de créatinine normale par MDRD et micro-albuminurie négative). Ce tableau clinique illustre un cas de diabète africain. Il s’agit d’une expression clinique proche du diabète de type 1 (DT1) mais se caractérise par une rémission, plus lente que la lune de miel dans le DT1, avec une absence de stigmates d’auto-immunité. Il est considéré comme diabète atypique ou de type 1 idiopathique. Discussion /Conclusion : Ce type de diabète évoque plusieurs hypothèses physiopathologiques. L’équilibre glycémique est rapidement obtenu sous insulinothérapie, avec possibilité de réémission.
African diabetes or atypical diabetes refers to a specific type of diabetes that initially presents with the stigma of type 1 diabetes but later progresses to type 2 diabetes with the possibility of a long remission phase.
We will discuss in this article, through a clinical case in a subject of African origin, the diagnostic, metabolic, physiopathological and management specificities of this type of diabetes. Patients and methods: This is a particular clinical observation of a patient of African origin living in France with atypical diabetes. Clinical case: Patient, aged 33 years, was hospitalized for diabetic ketoacidosis. He had a family history of type 2 diabetes, was overweight (BMI = 28.73 Kg/m2). Insulin therapy was initiated. The etiological assessment of this metabolic decompensation and the search for anti-GAD and anti-IA2 antibodies were negative. After 3 months of insulin therapy, a satisfactory glycemic balance was obtained, marked by an HbA1c of 7% and a C-peptide of 300 pmol/l (for a GV of 1.09 g/l). At the 6-month check-up, the patient had perfect glycemic control (HbA1C: 6.4%), with a C-peptide that had normalized to 870 pmol/l (for a GV of 1.29g/l). This was the reason for proposing the discontinuation of insulin therapy, which was unfortunately rejected by the patient for social reasons. No abnormality was observed on the fundus, electrocardiogram or renal function tests (normal creatinine clearance by MDRD and negative microalbuminuria). This clinical picture illustrates a case of African diabetes. It is a clinical expression close to type 1 diabetes (T1DM) but is characterized by a remission, slower than the honeymoon in T1DM, with an absence of autoimmune stigma. It is considered atypical or idiopathic type 1 diabetes. Discussion/Conclusion : This type of diabetes raises several pathophysiological hypotheses. Glycemic control is rapidly obtained with insulin therapy, with the possibility of re-emission.
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