Impact of Swollen Shoot Disease on the Livelihoods of Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in Côte d'Ivoire
Keywords:
Cocoa; swollen shoot disease; impact; propensity score matching; livelihoods
Abstract
Cocoa Swollen Shoot Disease (CSSD) due to badnavirus species is endemic in West Africa and has been causing significant and irreversible economy losses for smallholder cocoa farmers in infected areas in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. The impact of the disease on the smallholder farmers’ livelihoods has been investigated at cocoa farm households level in Côte d’Ivoire. To this end, the propensity score matching method was used to construct a counterfactual and to compare groups capturing the situation of affected households before the disease affects their plantations, based on the observable characteristics of non affected households. A total of 800 cocoa farmers were randomly interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The results showed significant differences in expenditures for children's schooling and health between households with plantations infected by the disease and those with non-infected plantations. It was also found that households with swollen shoot in their cocoa plantation used less modern health services and invested less in children's education. The results imply that swollen shoot control policies and strategies should take into account socioeconomic factors.
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References
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30. Ramos-Sobrinho, R., Kouakou, K., Bi, A. B., Keith, C. V., Diby, L., Kouame, C., ... & Brown, J. K. (2021). Molecular detection of cacao swollen shoot badnavirus species by amplification with four PCR primer pairs, and evidence that Cacao swollen shoot Togo B virus-like isolates are highly prevalent in Côte d’Ivoire. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 159(4), 941-947.
31. Ravallion. Martin (2008). «Evaluating Anti-Poverty Programs». in Handbook of Development Economics. vol. 4. éd Paul Schultz et John Strauss Amsterdam: Hollande-Septentrionale
32. Scott, P. W. (2019). Causal Inference Methods for selection on observed and unobserved factors: Propensity Score Matching, Heckit Models, and Instrumental Variable Estimation. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 24(1), 3.
33. Steven, W. F. (1936). A new disease of cocoa in the Gold Coast. Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, 14.
2. Adolphe, M. G., Mourifie, I., Konan, J. L., Ibo, J. G., & Koulou, N. (2016). Socio-economic impact of the coconut lethal yellowing disease on Ivorian smallholder coconut farm families.
3. Agyeman-Boaten, S. Y., & Fumey, A. (2021). Effects of cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) on the welfare of cocoa farmers in Ghana: evidence from Chorichori community of the Sefwi Akontombra district. SN Business & Economics, 1(11), 1-31.
4. Aka, A. R., Coulibaly, K., N’guessan, W. P., Kouakou, K., Tahi, G. M., N’guessan, K. F., ... & Zakra, N. (2020). Cocoa swollen shoot disease in Côte D’ivoire: history of expansion from 2008 to 2016. International Journal of Sciences, 1, 52-60.
5. Akrofi, A. Y., Amoako-Atta, I., Assuah, M., & Kumi-Asare, E. (2014). Pink disease caused by Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burdsall: an epidemiological assessment of its potential effect on cocoa production in Ghana. Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, 5(1), 1.
6. Alibert, H. (1946). « Note préliminaire sur une nouvelle maladie du cacaoyer le swollen shoot ». Agronomie Tropicale. Paris. V1. pp 34-43
7. Banque Mondiale (2019). Au pays du cacao – Comment transformer la Côte d'Ivoire. Juillet 2019 / Neuvième édition http://hdl.handle.net/10986/32156 (consulté le 19/06/2021)
8. Benedetto, U., Head, S. J., Angelini, G. D., & Blackstone, E. H. (2018). Statistical primer: propensity score matching and its alternatives. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 53(6), 1112-1117.
9. Beegle K. Rajeev H. Dehjetia et Gatti R (2006). Child labor and agricultural shocks. Journal of Development Economics
10. Bergstra, S. A., Sepriano, A., Ramiro, S., & Landewé, R. (2019). Three handy tips and a practical guide to improve your propensity score models. RMD open, 5(1), e000953.
11. Caliendo, M., & Tübbicke, S. (2020). New evidence on long-term effects of start-up subsidies: matching estimates and their robustness. Empirical Economics, 59(4), 1605-1631.
12. Clément, M. (2006). Impact redistributif des aides au logement en Russie : une analyse de propensity score matching. Document de Travail du CED. n° 132. Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
13. CNRA (2011). Guide de la lutte contre la maladie du swollen shoot du cacaoyer en Côte d’Ivoire. Première édition.
14. De Janvry, A., Finan, F., Sadoulet, E., & Vakis, R. (2006). Can conditional cash transfer programs serve as safety nets in keeping children at school and from working when exposed to shocks ? Journal of development economics, 79(2), 349-373.
15. Diarra, I. (2018). Dynamique de la pauvreté en milieu rural agricole ivoirien (Thèse de doctorat, Clermont Auvergne).
16. Dieng, M., Audibert, M., Le Hesran, J. Y., & Dial, A. T. (2015). Déterminants de la demande de soins en milieu péri-urbain dans un contexte de subvention à Pikine, Sénégal.
17. Dzahini-Obiatey, H. Owusu, D. et Amoah, F. M. (2010). Over seventy years of a viral disease of cocoa in Ghana: From researchers’ perspective African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol 5 (7). pp 476-485
18. Ezemenari, K., Rudqvist, A., & Subbarao, K. (2018). Impact Evaluation: Concepts and Methods. Evaluation and Poverty Reduction, 65-75.
19. Ferri-García, R., & Rueda, M. D. M. (2020). Propensity score adjustment using machine learning classification algorithms to control selection bias in online surveys. PloS one, 15(4), e0231500.
20. Guarcello, L., Mealli, F., & Rosati, F. C. (2010). Household vulnerability and child labor: the effect of shocks, credit rationing, and insurance. Journal of population economics, 23(1), 169-198.
21. Hütz-Adams, F. Huber, C. Knoke, I. Morazán, P. & Mürlebach, M. (2016). Strengthening the competitiveness of cocoa production and improving the income of cocoa producers in West and Central Africa Sudwind eV: Bonn. 156
22. Jensen, R. (2000). Agricultural volatility and investments in children. American Economic Review, 90(2), 399-404.
23. Kébé B.I., N'guessan K.F., Assiri A.A., Tahi G.M., N'guessan W.P., Aka A.R., Kouakou K. (2016). Bien lutter contre la maladie du swollen shoot du cacaoyer en Côte d’Ivoire. http://www.cnra.ci/downloads/ftec_cacao4_swollen_shoot.pdf (consulté le 20/06/2021)
24. Kochou, S. H., & Rwenge, M. J. (2014). Social factors of the nonuse or the inadequate use of prenatal care in Côte d’Ivoire. African Evaluation Journal, 2(1), 12.
25. Kouakou, K., Kébé, B. I., Kouassi, N., Anno, A. P., Aké, S., & Muller, E. (2011). Impact de la maladie virale du swollen shoot du cacaoyer sur la production de cacao en milieu paysan à Bazré (Côte d'Ivoire). Journal of Applied Biosciences 43 : 2947–957
26. Kouakou K. (2014). Diversité moléculaire du CSSV (Cocoa Swollen shoot virus) et épidémiologie de la maladie du swollen shoot du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao l.) en côte d’ivoire. Thèse de Doctorat de l’Université Felix Houphouët Boigny, 135p.
27. Lechtenfeld, T., & Lohmann, S. (2014). The effect of drought on health outcomes and health expenditures in rural vietnam (No. 156). Courant Research Centre: Poverty, Equity and Growth-Discussion Papers.
28. Lechner, M., & Strittmatter, A. (2019). Practical procedures to deal with common support problems in matching estimation. Econometric Reviews, 38(2), 193-207.
29. Mbaye, S. (2010). Nouvelles méthodes d'analyse du bien-être et moyens d'évaluation des programmes de lutte contre la pauvreté en milieu rural sénégalais. Humanities and Social SciencesUniversité d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I
30. Ramos-Sobrinho, R., Kouakou, K., Bi, A. B., Keith, C. V., Diby, L., Kouame, C., ... & Brown, J. K. (2021). Molecular detection of cacao swollen shoot badnavirus species by amplification with four PCR primer pairs, and evidence that Cacao swollen shoot Togo B virus-like isolates are highly prevalent in Côte d’Ivoire. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 159(4), 941-947.
31. Ravallion. Martin (2008). «Evaluating Anti-Poverty Programs». in Handbook of Development Economics. vol. 4. éd Paul Schultz et John Strauss Amsterdam: Hollande-Septentrionale
32. Scott, P. W. (2019). Causal Inference Methods for selection on observed and unobserved factors: Propensity Score Matching, Heckit Models, and Instrumental Variable Estimation. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 24(1), 3.
33. Steven, W. F. (1936). A new disease of cocoa in the Gold Coast. Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, 14.
Published
2022-12-31
How to Cite
Adopo, W. A., Adolphe, M. G., Tiehi, N., Koffi, C., Kouakou, K., & Ballo, Z. (2022). Impact of Swollen Shoot Disease on the Livelihoods of Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in Côte d’Ivoire. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 18(40), 58. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n40p58
Section
ESJ Natural/Life/Medical Sciences
Copyright (c) 2022 Wenceslas Affessi Adopo, Mahyao Germain Adolphe, Nestor Tiehi, Camille Koffi, Koffie Kouakou, Zié Ballo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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