Entrepreneurial Orientation as Antecedent of Business Model Innovation among Medium Enterprises in Kenya
Keywords:
Entrepreneurial Orientation, Antecedent, Business Model Innovation, Medium Enterprises, Kenya
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of entrepreneurial orientation on business model innovation in medium enterprises in Kenya. The study was grounded on the dynamic capabilities view. A descriptive cross-sectional survey research design was adopted to achieve the study’s objective. The sampling frame was the Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG) East Africa and the Nation Media Group annual Top100 companies in Kenya. Stratified random sampling was utilized to derive 221 companies that were used in the study. Primary data were collected from single respondents comprising senior managers of the participating firms. A total of 134 questionnaires were analysed. Ordinary least squares regression analysis revealed that entrepreneurial orientation is an antecedent of business model innovation among medium enterprises in Kenya. On the basis of the results, this study concluded that entrepreneurial orientation is necessary for enterprises to benefit from business model innovation. The study recommends that managers of medium enterprises in Kenya embrace entrepreneurial behaviour and attitude to enhance business model innovation practices. It is further recommended that policymakers should develop and implement policies that encourage innovation and entrepreneurial behaviour. The study clarifies the position of entrepreneurial orientation in relation to BMI. Additional studies are recommended.
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References
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2. Anderson, B. S., Kreiser, P. M., Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Eshima, Y. (2015). Reconceptualizing entrepreneurial orientation. Strategic Management Journal, 36, 1579–1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.2298.
3. Asemokha, A., Musona, J., Torkkeli, L., & Saarenketo, S. (2019). Business model innovation and entrepreneurial orientation relationships in SMEs: Implications for international performance. Journal of International Entrepreneurship 17, 425-453. DOI: 10.1007/s10843-019-00254-3.
4. Baden-Fuller, C., and S. Haefliger. (2013). “Business Models and Technological Innovation.” Long Range Planning 46 (6): 419–426.
5. Baker, W. E., & Sinkula, J. M. (2009). The complementary effects of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on profitability in small businesses. Journal of Small Business Management 47(4): 443–464.
6. Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.
7. Bertalanffy, L. (1972, December). The history and status of general systems theory. The Academy of Management Journal, 15(4), 407-426.
8. Bashir, M. & Verma, R. (2017), “Why business model innovation is the new competitive advantage”, IUP Journal of Business Strategy, 14(1), 7.
9. Bonett, D. G., & Wright, T. A. (2015), "Cronbach's alpha reliability: Interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size planning", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36 (1), 3-15.
10. Bor, G.K. (2018). A descriptive analysis of the influence of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions on SME performance in Kenya. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research 6(1), 31-45.
11. Böttcher, T, & Weking., J (2020). Identifying antecedents & outcomes of digital business model innovation, 28. European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Marrakech, Morocco.
12. Bouwman, H., Molina Castillo, F. J., & de Reuver, M. (2016). Business Model Innovation in European SMEs: some preliminary findings. In Proceedings of 29th Bled eConference: Digital Economy, 527-538.
13. Bouncken, R. B., Lehmann, C., & Fellnhofer, K. (2016). The role of entrepreneurial orientation and modularity for business model innovation in service companies. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 8(3), 237–260.
14. Bryman. A. (2008). Social Research Methods, (3rd ed) Oxford University Press, London UK.
15. Bucherer, E., Eisert, U., & Gassmann, O. (2012). Towards systematic business model innovation: Lessons from product innovation management. Creativity & Innovation Management, 21: 183-198.
16. Carayannis, E. G., Grigoroudis, E., Sindakis, S., & Walter, C. (2014). Business Model Innovation as Antecedent of Sustainable Enterprise Excellence and Resilience. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 5(3), 440–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13132-014-0206-7.
17. Casadesus-Masanell, R., & Zhu, F. (2013). Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsor-based business models. Strategic Management Journal, 34: 464-482.
18. Chang, S. J., VanWitteloostuijn, A., & Eden, L. (2010). From the editors: Common method variance in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(2), 178–184.
19. Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). The Era of Open Innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 44(3), 35-41.
20. Chesbrough, H.W. (2010). Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3) 354–363.
21. Clauss, T. (2017). Measuring business model innovation: conceptualization, scale development, and proof of performance. R&D Management, 47, 385-403.
22. Clauss, T., Abebe, M., Tangpong, C. & Hock, M. (2019), “Strategic agility, business model innovation, and firm performance: An empirical investigation”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2019.2910381.
23. Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
24. Cohen, L., & Holliday, M. (1982). Statistics for the social sciences. London: Harper & Row.
25. Cooper, D. R. & Schindler, P. S. (2014). Business research methods. (12th ed). McGraw-Hill Irwin.
26. Covin, J.G., & Slevin, D.P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 75–87.
27. Covin, J.G., & Wales, W.J. (2019). Crafting high-impact entrepreneurial orientation research: Some suggested guidelines. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(1), 3-18.
28. Demil, B., & Lecocq, X., (2010). Business model evolution: In search of dynamic consistency. Long-Range Plan. 43, 227–246.
29. Easterby-Smith, M., Lyles, M., & Tsang, E., (2008). Inter-organizational knowledge transfer: Current themes and future prospects. Journal of Management Studies 45 (4), 677–690.
30. Foss, N. J., & Saebi. T., (2017). Fifteen years of research on business model innovation: How far have we come, and where should we go? Journal of Management. 43(1), 200-227.
31. Gupta, V. K., & Dutta, D. K. (2018) The rich legacy of Covin and Slevin (1989) and Lumpkin and Dess (1996): A constructive critical analysis of their deep impact on entrepreneurial orientation research. In: Javadian G, Gupta VK, Dutta DK, et al. (eds) Foundational Research in Entrepreneurship Studies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan,155–178.
32. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
33. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications.
34. Hughes, M., Eggers, F., Kraus, S., & Hughes, P. (2015). 'The relevance of slack resource availability and networking effectiveness for entrepreneurial orientation.’ International journal of entrepreneurship and small business, 26 (1).116-138.
35. Hussain, J., Abbas, Q., & Khan, M. A. (2017). Entrepreneurial orientation and performance: The moderating effect of market orientation. Global Management Journal for Academic & Corporate Studies, 7(1), 9-18.
36. Irungu, D., & Marwa, M. (2015). Firm resources as determinants of internationalization of medium sized firms; evidence from Kenya. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research, 3(1), 53-63.
37. Kim, W.C., & Mauborgne, R. (2005), Blue Ocean Strategy: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
38. Knight, G.A., (1997) Cross-cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Venturing 12(3): 213–225.
39. Kocoglu, I., Imamoglu, S.Z., Akgun, A.E., Ince, H., & Keskin, H. (2015). Exploring the unseen: A collective emotional framework in entrepreneurial orientation and business model innovation. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 729-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.148
40. Lambert, S. & Montemari, M. (2017). "Business Model Research: From Concepts to Theories." International Journal of Business and Management 12 (11).
41. Lechner, C., Dowling, M., & Welpe, I. (2006). “Firm networks and firm development: The role of the relational mix,” Journal of Business Venturing, 21(4), 514–540.
42. Markin, E. T., Gupta, V. K., Pierce, C., & Covin, J. G. (2018). Does national culture moderate the relation between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance? A meta-analytic investigation. Academy of Management Meetings presentation, Chicago, IL.
43. Muriithi, S. M. (2017). African small and medium enterprises (SMEs), contributions, challenges, and solutions. European Journal of Research and Reflections in Management Sciences, 5(1), 36-48.
44. Mütterlein, J., & Kunz, R. E. (2017). Innovate alone or with others? Influence of entrepreneurial orientation and alliance orientation on media business model innovation. Journal of Media Business Studies, 14(3), 173–187.
45. Ndegwa, J. W., Machuki V. N., Maalu J. K., Awino. Z. B., & Iraki X. N (2015). knowledge sharing, organizational learning and performance of top 100 medium enterprises in Kenya. 1st DBA-Africa Management Review International Conference, 42-65.
46. Ndemo, B., & Aiko, D. (2016). Nurturing creativity and innovation in African enterprises: A case study on Kenya. In M. Franco, Entrepreneurship Practice Oriented Perspectives (p. Chapter 2). IntechOpen.
47. Ng’aru, N. P., Mukulu, E., & Sakwa, M., (2018). Relationship between proactiveness and growth of Top 100 enterprises in Kenya, Journal of Entrepreneurship & Project Management, 2(1), 1-14.
48. Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein I. H. (1994) Psychometric theory (3rd ed.) New York, McGraw Hill.
49. Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Daniel, L., & Leech, N. L. (2007). Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. In N. J. Salkind & K. Rasmussen (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of measurement and statistics, 751-756. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
50. Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T., & Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 761–787.
51. Rotar, L.J., Pamic, R. K., & Bojnec. S. (2019). Contributions of small and medium enterprises to employment in the European Union countries, Economic Research, 32:1, 3296-3308, DOI: 10.1080/1331677X.2019.1658532.
52. Saunders, M. N., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students (6th ed) Harlow, England: Pearson Education.
53. Schumpeter, J.A. (1912). The theory of economic development, Stanford University Press, 1969 (Reprint).
54. Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits. Capital, Credit. Interest and the Business Cycle, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
55. Schumpeter, J.A. (1942). Capitalism, socialism and democracy, 3rd edition, London.
56. Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 749-752.
57. Snihur, Y., & Wiklund, J. (2019). Searching for Innovation: Product, process, and business model innovations and search behavior in established firms. Long Range Planning, 52(3), 305-325.
58. Soares, M.C., & Perin, M.G. (2019). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: an updated meta-analysis, RAUSP Management Journal, 55(2), 143-159. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-01-2019-0014.
59. Spieth, P., Schneckenberg, D., & Ricart, J. E. (2014). Business model innovation - State of the art and future challenges for the field. R&D Management, 44(3), 237-247. http://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12071.
60. Taylor, R., (1990). Interpretation of the correlation coefficient: A basic review, Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 6, 35–39.
61. Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance, Strategic Management Journal 28(13), 1319 - 1350.
62. Teece, D. J. (2010). "Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation." Long Range Planning 43 (2-3), 172-194.
63. The Republic of Kenya (2012). Sessional Paper No. 9 of 2012 on the National Industrialization Policy Framework for Kenya 2012 – 2030.
64. Thuo, J. K., Kibera, F. N., K’Obonyo, P. P., & Wainaina, G. (2011). Customer relationship management and competitiveness of commercial banks in Kenya. Journal of Science Technology Education and Management, 4(1), 125-141.
65. Tian, Q., Zhang, S., Yu, H., & Cao, G. (2019). Exploring the factors influencing business model innovation using grounded theory: The case of a Chinese high-end equipment manufacturer. Sustainability, 11, 1455. doi:10.3390/su11051455.
66. United Nations. (2008). The international standard industrial classification of all economic activities (ISIC). New York.
67. Veidal, A. & Korneliussen, T. (2013) ‘Entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation as antecedents of organisational innovation and performance’, Int. J. Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 19 (2), .234–250.
68. Wales, W.J. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation: A review and synthesis of promising research directions. International Small Business Journal, 34(1), 3-15.
69. Wales, Gupta, & Mousa. (2011). Empirical research on entrepreneurial orientation: An assessment and suggestions for future research. International Small Business Journal,
0266242611418261.
70. Wales, W. J., Kraus, S., Filser, M., Stockmann, C., & Covin, J. G. (2021). The status quo of research on entrepreneurial orientation: Conversational landmarks and theoretical scaffolding. Journal of Business Research, 128, 564–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.046.
71. Walfish, S. (2006). A Review of statistical outlier methods. Pharmaceutical Technology, 30(11), 82-87.
72. Williams, B., Brown, T., & Boyle, M. (2012). Construct validation of the readiness for interprofessional learning scale: A Rasch and factor analysis. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 26, 326–332.
73. Zott, C & Amit, R. (2012). Creating value through business model innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 53:41-49.
2. Anderson, B. S., Kreiser, P. M., Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Eshima, Y. (2015). Reconceptualizing entrepreneurial orientation. Strategic Management Journal, 36, 1579–1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.2298.
3. Asemokha, A., Musona, J., Torkkeli, L., & Saarenketo, S. (2019). Business model innovation and entrepreneurial orientation relationships in SMEs: Implications for international performance. Journal of International Entrepreneurship 17, 425-453. DOI: 10.1007/s10843-019-00254-3.
4. Baden-Fuller, C., and S. Haefliger. (2013). “Business Models and Technological Innovation.” Long Range Planning 46 (6): 419–426.
5. Baker, W. E., & Sinkula, J. M. (2009). The complementary effects of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on profitability in small businesses. Journal of Small Business Management 47(4): 443–464.
6. Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.
7. Bertalanffy, L. (1972, December). The history and status of general systems theory. The Academy of Management Journal, 15(4), 407-426.
8. Bashir, M. & Verma, R. (2017), “Why business model innovation is the new competitive advantage”, IUP Journal of Business Strategy, 14(1), 7.
9. Bonett, D. G., & Wright, T. A. (2015), "Cronbach's alpha reliability: Interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size planning", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36 (1), 3-15.
10. Bor, G.K. (2018). A descriptive analysis of the influence of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions on SME performance in Kenya. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research 6(1), 31-45.
11. Böttcher, T, & Weking., J (2020). Identifying antecedents & outcomes of digital business model innovation, 28. European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Marrakech, Morocco.
12. Bouwman, H., Molina Castillo, F. J., & de Reuver, M. (2016). Business Model Innovation in European SMEs: some preliminary findings. In Proceedings of 29th Bled eConference: Digital Economy, 527-538.
13. Bouncken, R. B., Lehmann, C., & Fellnhofer, K. (2016). The role of entrepreneurial orientation and modularity for business model innovation in service companies. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 8(3), 237–260.
14. Bryman. A. (2008). Social Research Methods, (3rd ed) Oxford University Press, London UK.
15. Bucherer, E., Eisert, U., & Gassmann, O. (2012). Towards systematic business model innovation: Lessons from product innovation management. Creativity & Innovation Management, 21: 183-198.
16. Carayannis, E. G., Grigoroudis, E., Sindakis, S., & Walter, C. (2014). Business Model Innovation as Antecedent of Sustainable Enterprise Excellence and Resilience. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 5(3), 440–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13132-014-0206-7.
17. Casadesus-Masanell, R., & Zhu, F. (2013). Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsor-based business models. Strategic Management Journal, 34: 464-482.
18. Chang, S. J., VanWitteloostuijn, A., & Eden, L. (2010). From the editors: Common method variance in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(2), 178–184.
19. Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). The Era of Open Innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 44(3), 35-41.
20. Chesbrough, H.W. (2010). Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3) 354–363.
21. Clauss, T. (2017). Measuring business model innovation: conceptualization, scale development, and proof of performance. R&D Management, 47, 385-403.
22. Clauss, T., Abebe, M., Tangpong, C. & Hock, M. (2019), “Strategic agility, business model innovation, and firm performance: An empirical investigation”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2019.2910381.
23. Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
24. Cohen, L., & Holliday, M. (1982). Statistics for the social sciences. London: Harper & Row.
25. Cooper, D. R. & Schindler, P. S. (2014). Business research methods. (12th ed). McGraw-Hill Irwin.
26. Covin, J.G., & Slevin, D.P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 75–87.
27. Covin, J.G., & Wales, W.J. (2019). Crafting high-impact entrepreneurial orientation research: Some suggested guidelines. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(1), 3-18.
28. Demil, B., & Lecocq, X., (2010). Business model evolution: In search of dynamic consistency. Long-Range Plan. 43, 227–246.
29. Easterby-Smith, M., Lyles, M., & Tsang, E., (2008). Inter-organizational knowledge transfer: Current themes and future prospects. Journal of Management Studies 45 (4), 677–690.
30. Foss, N. J., & Saebi. T., (2017). Fifteen years of research on business model innovation: How far have we come, and where should we go? Journal of Management. 43(1), 200-227.
31. Gupta, V. K., & Dutta, D. K. (2018) The rich legacy of Covin and Slevin (1989) and Lumpkin and Dess (1996): A constructive critical analysis of their deep impact on entrepreneurial orientation research. In: Javadian G, Gupta VK, Dutta DK, et al. (eds) Foundational Research in Entrepreneurship Studies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan,155–178.
32. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
33. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications.
34. Hughes, M., Eggers, F., Kraus, S., & Hughes, P. (2015). 'The relevance of slack resource availability and networking effectiveness for entrepreneurial orientation.’ International journal of entrepreneurship and small business, 26 (1).116-138.
35. Hussain, J., Abbas, Q., & Khan, M. A. (2017). Entrepreneurial orientation and performance: The moderating effect of market orientation. Global Management Journal for Academic & Corporate Studies, 7(1), 9-18.
36. Irungu, D., & Marwa, M. (2015). Firm resources as determinants of internationalization of medium sized firms; evidence from Kenya. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research, 3(1), 53-63.
37. Kim, W.C., & Mauborgne, R. (2005), Blue Ocean Strategy: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
38. Knight, G.A., (1997) Cross-cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Venturing 12(3): 213–225.
39. Kocoglu, I., Imamoglu, S.Z., Akgun, A.E., Ince, H., & Keskin, H. (2015). Exploring the unseen: A collective emotional framework in entrepreneurial orientation and business model innovation. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 729-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.148
40. Lambert, S. & Montemari, M. (2017). "Business Model Research: From Concepts to Theories." International Journal of Business and Management 12 (11).
41. Lechner, C., Dowling, M., & Welpe, I. (2006). “Firm networks and firm development: The role of the relational mix,” Journal of Business Venturing, 21(4), 514–540.
42. Markin, E. T., Gupta, V. K., Pierce, C., & Covin, J. G. (2018). Does national culture moderate the relation between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance? A meta-analytic investigation. Academy of Management Meetings presentation, Chicago, IL.
43. Muriithi, S. M. (2017). African small and medium enterprises (SMEs), contributions, challenges, and solutions. European Journal of Research and Reflections in Management Sciences, 5(1), 36-48.
44. Mütterlein, J., & Kunz, R. E. (2017). Innovate alone or with others? Influence of entrepreneurial orientation and alliance orientation on media business model innovation. Journal of Media Business Studies, 14(3), 173–187.
45. Ndegwa, J. W., Machuki V. N., Maalu J. K., Awino. Z. B., & Iraki X. N (2015). knowledge sharing, organizational learning and performance of top 100 medium enterprises in Kenya. 1st DBA-Africa Management Review International Conference, 42-65.
46. Ndemo, B., & Aiko, D. (2016). Nurturing creativity and innovation in African enterprises: A case study on Kenya. In M. Franco, Entrepreneurship Practice Oriented Perspectives (p. Chapter 2). IntechOpen.
47. Ng’aru, N. P., Mukulu, E., & Sakwa, M., (2018). Relationship between proactiveness and growth of Top 100 enterprises in Kenya, Journal of Entrepreneurship & Project Management, 2(1), 1-14.
48. Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein I. H. (1994) Psychometric theory (3rd ed.) New York, McGraw Hill.
49. Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Daniel, L., & Leech, N. L. (2007). Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. In N. J. Salkind & K. Rasmussen (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of measurement and statistics, 751-756. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
50. Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T., & Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 761–787.
51. Rotar, L.J., Pamic, R. K., & Bojnec. S. (2019). Contributions of small and medium enterprises to employment in the European Union countries, Economic Research, 32:1, 3296-3308, DOI: 10.1080/1331677X.2019.1658532.
52. Saunders, M. N., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students (6th ed) Harlow, England: Pearson Education.
53. Schumpeter, J.A. (1912). The theory of economic development, Stanford University Press, 1969 (Reprint).
54. Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits. Capital, Credit. Interest and the Business Cycle, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
55. Schumpeter, J.A. (1942). Capitalism, socialism and democracy, 3rd edition, London.
56. Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 749-752.
57. Snihur, Y., & Wiklund, J. (2019). Searching for Innovation: Product, process, and business model innovations and search behavior in established firms. Long Range Planning, 52(3), 305-325.
58. Soares, M.C., & Perin, M.G. (2019). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: an updated meta-analysis, RAUSP Management Journal, 55(2), 143-159. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-01-2019-0014.
59. Spieth, P., Schneckenberg, D., & Ricart, J. E. (2014). Business model innovation - State of the art and future challenges for the field. R&D Management, 44(3), 237-247. http://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12071.
60. Taylor, R., (1990). Interpretation of the correlation coefficient: A basic review, Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 6, 35–39.
61. Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance, Strategic Management Journal 28(13), 1319 - 1350.
62. Teece, D. J. (2010). "Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation." Long Range Planning 43 (2-3), 172-194.
63. The Republic of Kenya (2012). Sessional Paper No. 9 of 2012 on the National Industrialization Policy Framework for Kenya 2012 – 2030.
64. Thuo, J. K., Kibera, F. N., K’Obonyo, P. P., & Wainaina, G. (2011). Customer relationship management and competitiveness of commercial banks in Kenya. Journal of Science Technology Education and Management, 4(1), 125-141.
65. Tian, Q., Zhang, S., Yu, H., & Cao, G. (2019). Exploring the factors influencing business model innovation using grounded theory: The case of a Chinese high-end equipment manufacturer. Sustainability, 11, 1455. doi:10.3390/su11051455.
66. United Nations. (2008). The international standard industrial classification of all economic activities (ISIC). New York.
67. Veidal, A. & Korneliussen, T. (2013) ‘Entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation as antecedents of organisational innovation and performance’, Int. J. Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 19 (2), .234–250.
68. Wales, W.J. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation: A review and synthesis of promising research directions. International Small Business Journal, 34(1), 3-15.
69. Wales, Gupta, & Mousa. (2011). Empirical research on entrepreneurial orientation: An assessment and suggestions for future research. International Small Business Journal,
0266242611418261.
70. Wales, W. J., Kraus, S., Filser, M., Stockmann, C., & Covin, J. G. (2021). The status quo of research on entrepreneurial orientation: Conversational landmarks and theoretical scaffolding. Journal of Business Research, 128, 564–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.046.
71. Walfish, S. (2006). A Review of statistical outlier methods. Pharmaceutical Technology, 30(11), 82-87.
72. Williams, B., Brown, T., & Boyle, M. (2012). Construct validation of the readiness for interprofessional learning scale: A Rasch and factor analysis. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 26, 326–332.
73. Zott, C & Amit, R. (2012). Creating value through business model innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 53:41-49.
Published
2023-01-11
How to Cite
Simiyu, A. K., Ndemo, E. B., Kinoti, M. W., & Wainaina, G. (2023). Entrepreneurial Orientation as Antecedent of Business Model Innovation among Medium Enterprises in Kenya. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 13, 65. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/16319
Section
ESI Preprints
Copyright (c) 2023 Albert Kisiang’ani Simiyu, Elijah Bitange Ndemo, Mary Wanjiru Kinoti, Gituro Wainaina
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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