L’Enrobage des Semences de Maïs avec Trichoderma harzianum a Amélioré la Levée et la Croissance des Plantes au Burkina Faso
Abstract
De nombreuses espèces de moisissures infectent les grains de maïs produits au Burkina Faso. La présence de ces champignons sur les grains entraine des fontes de semis, des retards de croissance des plantes et la production de mycotoxines comme les aflatoxines dont la consommation est dangereuse pour la santé humaine et animale. L’objectif de la présente étude a été d’évaluer le comportement de semences de maïs enrobées avec les conidies d’une souche locale de Trichoderma harzianum ayant présenté des propriétés antifongiques et de promotion de la croissance sur l’oignon. Six lots de semences de six variétés de maïs ont ainsi été collectés et analysés pour identifier les espèces de moisissures en présence. Les trois principales espèces identifiées ont ensuite été confrontées in vitro avec T. harzianum pour apprécier l’antagonisme. Des grains de maïs ont enfin été enrobées avec les conidies de T. harzianum puis semés pour apprécier la levée et la croissance des plantules. Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus niger et Aspergillus flavus ont été les trois principaux champignons présents dans les semences analysées à des taux d’infection variant de 8,3 à 89,5%, selon les variétés de maïs. L’évaluation de l’antagonisme de T. harzianum a montré une réduction significative de la croissance de ces trois champignons avec des coefficients d’antagonisme compris entre 0,68 et 0,86. Concernant l’effet promoteur de la croissance végétale, l’enrobage des semences avec T. harzianum a permis d’améliorer significativement la levée, la longueur des plantes et des racines ainsi que la biomasse fraiche par rapport aux semences non enrobées.
Many mold species infect maize grains produced in Burkina Faso. The presence of these fungi on the grains leads to seedling damping off, plant growth retardation and the production of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, the consumption of which is dangerous for human and animal health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of maize seeds coated with the conidia of a local strain of Trichoderma harzianum having shown antifungal and plant growth promoting properties on onion. Six seed lots from six varieties of maize were thus collected and analyzed to identify the existing mold species. The three main identified species were then confronted in vitro with T. harzianum to assess the antagonistic effects. Maize seeds were finally coated with the conidia of T. harzianum and then sown to assess emergence and seedling growth. Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus were the three main fungi present in analyzed seeds lots with infection rate varying from 8.3 to 89.5%, according to the varieties of maize. The evaluation of the antagonism of T. harzianum showed a significant reduction in the growth of the three fungal species with antagonism coefficients situated between 0.68 and 0.86. In terms of plant growth promoting effect, seed coating with T. harzianum significantly improved seedling emergence, plant and root length and fresh biomass, compared to non-coated seeds.
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