L’Utilisation des TIC Favorise-T-Elle l’Innovation ? Le Cas des Entreprises Industrielles Marocaines
Keywords:
Innovation de produit – Innovation de procédé – Technologies de l’information et de la communication – Probit Bivarié
Abstract
Cet article examine l’effet de l’utilisation des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) sur l’innovation en introduisant une variété de types de TIC. Nous utilisons les données portant sur un échantillon représentatif de 524 entreprises industrielles marocaines. Nos résultats montrent que l’utilisation des TIC a un effet positif sur la probabilité d’innovation d’une entreprise. Cet impact est différencié selon le type d’innovation et la nature des technologies introduites. Exception faite de la connexion à Internet qui présente un effet positif sur les deux types d’innovation, il apparait que la probabilité que les entreprises industrielles innovent en produit dépend positivement de l’utilisation de machines à commandes numériques alors que la probabilité d’innover en procédé est d’autant plus élevée si elles ont recours à la gestion assistée par ordinateur et aux robots. En outre, nous avons montré que les entreprises qui ont un usage intensif des TIC sont plus enclines à innover en produits et en procédés que celles qui utilisent peu ou pas de TIC.
This article examines whether the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has an effect on innovation by introducing a variety of types of ICTs. We use data from a representative sample of 524 Moroccan manufacturing firms. Our results show that the use of ICTs has a positive effect on the firm’s probability to innovate. This impact is differentiated according to the type of innovation and the nature of the technologies introduced. Except for the connection to the Internet, which has a positive effect on both types of innovation, it appears that the probability that manufacturing firms innovate in product positively depends on the use of numerically controlled machines, whereas the probability of introducing process innovations is even greater if they use computer-assisted management and robots. Furthermore, we have shown that firms that are ICT-intensive are more likely to introduce in product and process innovations than those that use little or no ICTs.
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References
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2. Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R., Griffith, R. et Howitt, P. (2005), « Competition and Innovation: an Inverted-U Relationship », Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 120(2), pp. 701– 728.
3. Arrow, K. (1962), « Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention », NBER chapters, dans The rate and direction of inventive activity: economic and social factors, National Bureau for Economic Research, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
4. Asheim, B.T., et Gertler., M. S. (2004), « Regional Innovation Systems and the Geographical Foundations of Innovation », dans Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Fagerberg, J., Mowery, D., et Nelson R., (ed.), London : Oxford University Press.
5. Balasubramanian, N., et Lee, J. (2008), « Firm age and innovation », Industrial and Corporate Change, vol .17(5), pp. 1019–1047.
6. Blalock, G., et Gertler, P. (2004), « Learning from exporting revisited in a less developed setting », Journal of Development Economics, vol. 75, pp. 397-416.
7. Ben Aoun, L., et Dubrocard, A. (2010), « TIC, innovation et effets perçus dans les entreprises luxembourgeoise s», Working Paper du STATEC, n° 50.
8. Ben Aoun, L., et Dubrocard, A. (2012), « Does ICT Enable Innovation in Luxembourg? An Empirical Study », dans Allegrezza, S., Dubrocard, A. (eds) Internet Econometrics. Applied Econometrics Association Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
9. Bresnahan, T., et Trajtenberg, M. (1996), « General purpose technologies: engines of growth? », Journal of Econometrics, Annals of Econometrics, vol.65, pp.83-108.
10. Brynjolfsson, E., et Hitt, T. (2003), « Computing productivity: firm level evidence », Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.85 (4), pp. 793-303.
11. Cardona, M., Kretschmer, T. et Sttrobel, T. (2013), « ICT productivity: conclusions from the empirical literature », Information Economics and Policy, vol.25, pp.179-214.
12. Cohen, W., et Klepper, S. (1996), « Firm size and the nature of innovation within industries: the case of product and process R&D », Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 78 (2), pp. 232-243.
13. Cohen, W., et Levin, R. (1989), « Empirical studies of innovation and market structure », dans Schmalensee, R., et Willing, R., (ed.) Handbook of Industrial Organization, vol. 2, Amsterdam: North Holland, pp.1059–1107.
14. Cohen, W., et Levinthal, D. A. (1990), « Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation », Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 35 (1), pp. 128-153.
15. Cooke, P., (1992), « Regional innovation systems: Competitive regulation in the new Europe », Geoforum, vol. 23, pp. 365-382.
16. Crépon, B., Duguet, E., et Mairesse, J. (1998), « Research, innovation and productivity: an econometric analysis at the firm level », Economics of Innovation and New Technology, vol.7, pp.115-159.
17. Czernich, N., Falck, O., Krestschmer, T. et Woessman, L. (2011), « Broadband infrastructure and economic growth », The Economic Journal, 121, pp. 505-532.
18. Damijan, J. P., Kostevc, Č., et Polanec, S. (2010), « From Innovation to Exporting or Vice Versa? », World Economy, vol. 33(3), pp. 374–398.
19. Doloreux, D., et Bitard P. (2005), « Les systèmes régionaux d’innovation : discussion critique », Géographie, Economie, Société, vol. 7 (1), pp. 21-36.
20. El Aoufi, N., Hanchane, S., Hanchane, H., Aissaoui, S., Akodad,S. et Berhili, S. (2014), Enquête entreprises, Made in Morocco : industrialisation et développement, Guide méthodologique
21. Filipescu, D.A., Prashantham, S., Rialp, A. et Rialp, J. (2013), « Technological innovation and exports: unpacking their reciprocal causality », Journal of International Marketing, vol. 21, pp. 23-38.
22. Gatignon, H. et Robertson, T. (1985), « A propostional inventory for new diffusion research », Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 11, pp. 849-867.
23. Golovko, E., et Valentini, G. (2011), « Exploring the complementarity between innovation and export for SMEs’ growth », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 42(3), pp.362–380.
24. Grazzy, M., et Jung, J. (2016), « Information and Innovation technologies, Innovation and Productivity : Evidence from Firms in Latin America and the Carribean », dans Grazzi et Pietrobelli (eds.), Firm Innpovation in Latin America and The Carribean, the Engine of Economic Developement, Inter-American Devlopment Bank, Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 103-136
25. Griffith, R., Huergo, E., Mairesse, J, et Peters, B. (2006), « Innovation and productivity accross four european countries », Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol.22 (4), pp. 483-498.
26. Griliches, Z. (1986), « Productivity, R&D and basic research at the firm level in 1970 », American Economic Review, vol. 76 (1), pp. 141-154.
27. Higón, AD. (2011), « The impact of ICT on innovation activities: evidence for UK SMEs », International Small Business Journal, vol.30 (6), pp. 684-699.
28. Harris, M., Rogers, M., et Siouclis, A. (2003), « Modelling firm innovation using panel probit estimators », Applied Economics Letters, vol. 10, pp. 683–686.
29. Hollenstein, H. (2004), « The decision to adopt information and communication technologies: firm level evidence from Switzerland » dans OECD (2004) The Economic Impact of ICT: Measurement, Evidence and Implications, OECD Publishing, pp. 37-60.
30. Idota, H., Bunno, T., Ueki, Y., Komolavanij, S., Jeenanunta, C., Tsuji, M. (2015), « Product Innovation and ICT use in Firms of Four ESEAN Economies, » dans Wang, L., Uesugi, S., Ting, I., Okuhara, K., Wang, K. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Social Networks Research, Springer, pp. 223-235, Second International Conference, MICSNC 2015, Matsuyama, Japan, September 1–3, 2015, Proceedings,
31. Janz, N., Lööf, H. et Peters, B. (2004), « Firm level innovation and productivity –Is there a common story across countries? », Problems and Perspectives in Management, vol. 2, pp. 184–204.
32. Karakara, A., et Osabuohien, E. (2020), « ICT adoption, competition and innovation on informal firms in West Africa : a comparative study of Ghana and Nigeria », Journal of enterprising communities : People and Places in the Global Economy, vol.14(3), pp. 397-414
33. Koellinger, P. (2005), « Why IT matters – an empirical study of E-business usage, innovation and firm performance », German Institute for Research Discussion Paper No 495, DIW Berlin, Berlin.
34. Kotabe, M., Srinivasan, S. et Aulakh, P. (2002), « Multinationality and firm performance: the moderating role of R&D and marketing capabilities », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 33 (1), pp. 79-97.
35. Laursen, K., et Salter, A. (2004), « Searching high and low: what type of firms use universities as a source of knowledge », Research Policy, vol. 33(8), pp. 1201-1215.
36. Leeuwen, van G. et Klomp, L. (2006), « On the contribution of innovation to multifactor productivity growth », Economics of Innovation and New Technology, vol.15 (4-5), pp.367-390.
37. Lööf, H., et Heshmati, A. (2006), « On the relationship between innovation and performance: A sensitivity analysis », Economics of Innovation and New Technology, vol. 15 (4–5), pp. 317–344.
38. Lu, J., et Beamish, P. (2004), «International diversification and firm performance: the S-curve hypothesis», Academic Management Journal, vol. 47 (4), pp. 598-609.
39. Malmberg, A., et Maskell, P. (2002), « The elusive concept of localization economies: towards a knowledge-based theory of spatial clustering », Environment and Planning A, vol. 34, pp. 429-449.
40. Martin, L. et Nguyen Thi, T.U. (2015), « The relationship between innovation and productivity based on R&D and ICT use », Revue Economique, vol. 66, pp. 1105-1130.
41. Mairesse, J., et Mohnen, P. (2005), « The importance of R&D for innovation: A reassessment using French survey data », Journal of Technology Transfer, vol. 30 (1–2), pp. 183–197.
42. Ministère des affaires économiques et générales (2007), « Stratégie E-Maroc 2010 réalisations orientations et plans d’action »
43. Ministère de l’industrie, du commerce et des nouvelles technologies (2013), « Maroc Numeric 2013, Stratégie nationale pour la société de l’information et de l’économie numérique »
44. Ministère de l’industrie, du commerce et des nouvelles technologies (2016), « Stratégie nationale pour le développement de l’économie numérique, Broadband Forum and 3rd SC Meeting 8 Nov. 2016,
45. Morikawa, M. (2004), « Information Technolgy and the Performance of Japanese Firms » Small Business Economics, vol.23, pp.171-177
46. Oakey, R., Thwaites, A. et Nash, P. (1980), « The regional distribution of innovative manufacturing establishments in Britain », Regional Studies, vol. 14, pp. 235–253.
47. OCDE (2005), Manuel d’Oslo : Principes directeurs pour le recueil et l’interprétation des données sur l’innovation, 3ème édition.
48. Parisi, M.L., Schiantarelli, F., et Sembenelli, A. (2006), « Productivity, innovation and R&D: Micro evidence for Italy », European Economic Review, vol. 50 (8), pp. 2037–2061.
49. Polder, M., Zand, F., van Leeuwen, G., et Van Beers, C. (2012), « Complementarities between information technologies and innovation modes in the adoption and outcome stage: A micro- econometric Analysis for the Netherlands », dans CAED conference.
50. Polder, M., Van Leeuwen, G., Mohnen, P., et Raymond, W. (2009), « Productivity effects of innovation modes », Statistics Netherlands Discussion Paper N° 09033.
51. Rogers, M. (2004), « Networks, firm size and innovation », Small Business Economics, vol. 22, pp. 141–153.
52. Roper, S., et Love, J. H. (2002), « Innovation and export performance: evidence from the UK and German manufacturing plants », Research Policy, vol. 31(7), pp. 1087–1102.
53. Royaume du Maroc, (2020), « Note d’Orientations Générales pour du Digital au Maroc à horizon 2025 »
54. Salomon, R., et Shaver, J. (2005), « Learning by exporting: New insights from examining firm innovation » Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, vol. 14(2), pp. 431–460.
55. Santoleri, P. (2015), « Diversity and Intensity of information and communication technologies use and product innovation: evidence from Chilean micro-data », Economic of Innovation and New Technology, vol. 24 (6), pp. 550-568.
56. Scherer, F. (1980), Industrial market structure and economic performance, 2nd edition Rand McNally, Chicago.
57. Scherer, F. M. (1983), « The propensity to patent », International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol. 1, pp. 107–128.
58. Spiezia, V. (2011), « Are ICT Users More Innovative? An Analysis of ICT-Enabled Innovation in OECD Firms », OCDE Journal, Economic Studies, OECD.
59. Ueki, Y., et Tsuji, M. (2019), « The roles of ICTs on product innovation on Southeast Asia », The Reveiw of Socionetwork Strategies, vol.13, pp. 79-95
60. Van Leeuwen, G. (2008), « ICT, innovation and productivity », dans Eurostat (2008) Information Society: ICT impact assessment by linking data from different sources.
61. Vu, K., Hanafizadeh, P, et Bohlin, E. (2020), « ICT as a driver of economic growth: A survey of the literature and directions for future research », Telecommunications Policy, vol. 44 (2), 101922
62. Zahra, S.A., Duane Ireland, R. et Hitt, M.A. (2000), « International expansion by new venture firms: international diversity, mode of market entry, technological tearning, and performance », Academy of Management Journal, vol. 43 (5), pp. 925–50.
2. Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R., Griffith, R. et Howitt, P. (2005), « Competition and Innovation: an Inverted-U Relationship », Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 120(2), pp. 701– 728.
3. Arrow, K. (1962), « Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention », NBER chapters, dans The rate and direction of inventive activity: economic and social factors, National Bureau for Economic Research, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
4. Asheim, B.T., et Gertler., M. S. (2004), « Regional Innovation Systems and the Geographical Foundations of Innovation », dans Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Fagerberg, J., Mowery, D., et Nelson R., (ed.), London : Oxford University Press.
5. Balasubramanian, N., et Lee, J. (2008), « Firm age and innovation », Industrial and Corporate Change, vol .17(5), pp. 1019–1047.
6. Blalock, G., et Gertler, P. (2004), « Learning from exporting revisited in a less developed setting », Journal of Development Economics, vol. 75, pp. 397-416.
7. Ben Aoun, L., et Dubrocard, A. (2010), « TIC, innovation et effets perçus dans les entreprises luxembourgeoise s», Working Paper du STATEC, n° 50.
8. Ben Aoun, L., et Dubrocard, A. (2012), « Does ICT Enable Innovation in Luxembourg? An Empirical Study », dans Allegrezza, S., Dubrocard, A. (eds) Internet Econometrics. Applied Econometrics Association Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
9. Bresnahan, T., et Trajtenberg, M. (1996), « General purpose technologies: engines of growth? », Journal of Econometrics, Annals of Econometrics, vol.65, pp.83-108.
10. Brynjolfsson, E., et Hitt, T. (2003), « Computing productivity: firm level evidence », Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.85 (4), pp. 793-303.
11. Cardona, M., Kretschmer, T. et Sttrobel, T. (2013), « ICT productivity: conclusions from the empirical literature », Information Economics and Policy, vol.25, pp.179-214.
12. Cohen, W., et Klepper, S. (1996), « Firm size and the nature of innovation within industries: the case of product and process R&D », Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 78 (2), pp. 232-243.
13. Cohen, W., et Levin, R. (1989), « Empirical studies of innovation and market structure », dans Schmalensee, R., et Willing, R., (ed.) Handbook of Industrial Organization, vol. 2, Amsterdam: North Holland, pp.1059–1107.
14. Cohen, W., et Levinthal, D. A. (1990), « Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation », Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 35 (1), pp. 128-153.
15. Cooke, P., (1992), « Regional innovation systems: Competitive regulation in the new Europe », Geoforum, vol. 23, pp. 365-382.
16. Crépon, B., Duguet, E., et Mairesse, J. (1998), « Research, innovation and productivity: an econometric analysis at the firm level », Economics of Innovation and New Technology, vol.7, pp.115-159.
17. Czernich, N., Falck, O., Krestschmer, T. et Woessman, L. (2011), « Broadband infrastructure and economic growth », The Economic Journal, 121, pp. 505-532.
18. Damijan, J. P., Kostevc, Č., et Polanec, S. (2010), « From Innovation to Exporting or Vice Versa? », World Economy, vol. 33(3), pp. 374–398.
19. Doloreux, D., et Bitard P. (2005), « Les systèmes régionaux d’innovation : discussion critique », Géographie, Economie, Société, vol. 7 (1), pp. 21-36.
20. El Aoufi, N., Hanchane, S., Hanchane, H., Aissaoui, S., Akodad,S. et Berhili, S. (2014), Enquête entreprises, Made in Morocco : industrialisation et développement, Guide méthodologique
21. Filipescu, D.A., Prashantham, S., Rialp, A. et Rialp, J. (2013), « Technological innovation and exports: unpacking their reciprocal causality », Journal of International Marketing, vol. 21, pp. 23-38.
22. Gatignon, H. et Robertson, T. (1985), « A propostional inventory for new diffusion research », Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 11, pp. 849-867.
23. Golovko, E., et Valentini, G. (2011), « Exploring the complementarity between innovation and export for SMEs’ growth », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 42(3), pp.362–380.
24. Grazzy, M., et Jung, J. (2016), « Information and Innovation technologies, Innovation and Productivity : Evidence from Firms in Latin America and the Carribean », dans Grazzi et Pietrobelli (eds.), Firm Innpovation in Latin America and The Carribean, the Engine of Economic Developement, Inter-American Devlopment Bank, Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 103-136
25. Griffith, R., Huergo, E., Mairesse, J, et Peters, B. (2006), « Innovation and productivity accross four european countries », Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol.22 (4), pp. 483-498.
26. Griliches, Z. (1986), « Productivity, R&D and basic research at the firm level in 1970 », American Economic Review, vol. 76 (1), pp. 141-154.
27. Higón, AD. (2011), « The impact of ICT on innovation activities: evidence for UK SMEs », International Small Business Journal, vol.30 (6), pp. 684-699.
28. Harris, M., Rogers, M., et Siouclis, A. (2003), « Modelling firm innovation using panel probit estimators », Applied Economics Letters, vol. 10, pp. 683–686.
29. Hollenstein, H. (2004), « The decision to adopt information and communication technologies: firm level evidence from Switzerland » dans OECD (2004) The Economic Impact of ICT: Measurement, Evidence and Implications, OECD Publishing, pp. 37-60.
30. Idota, H., Bunno, T., Ueki, Y., Komolavanij, S., Jeenanunta, C., Tsuji, M. (2015), « Product Innovation and ICT use in Firms of Four ESEAN Economies, » dans Wang, L., Uesugi, S., Ting, I., Okuhara, K., Wang, K. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Social Networks Research, Springer, pp. 223-235, Second International Conference, MICSNC 2015, Matsuyama, Japan, September 1–3, 2015, Proceedings,
31. Janz, N., Lööf, H. et Peters, B. (2004), « Firm level innovation and productivity –Is there a common story across countries? », Problems and Perspectives in Management, vol. 2, pp. 184–204.
32. Karakara, A., et Osabuohien, E. (2020), « ICT adoption, competition and innovation on informal firms in West Africa : a comparative study of Ghana and Nigeria », Journal of enterprising communities : People and Places in the Global Economy, vol.14(3), pp. 397-414
33. Koellinger, P. (2005), « Why IT matters – an empirical study of E-business usage, innovation and firm performance », German Institute for Research Discussion Paper No 495, DIW Berlin, Berlin.
34. Kotabe, M., Srinivasan, S. et Aulakh, P. (2002), « Multinationality and firm performance: the moderating role of R&D and marketing capabilities », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 33 (1), pp. 79-97.
35. Laursen, K., et Salter, A. (2004), « Searching high and low: what type of firms use universities as a source of knowledge », Research Policy, vol. 33(8), pp. 1201-1215.
36. Leeuwen, van G. et Klomp, L. (2006), « On the contribution of innovation to multifactor productivity growth », Economics of Innovation and New Technology, vol.15 (4-5), pp.367-390.
37. Lööf, H., et Heshmati, A. (2006), « On the relationship between innovation and performance: A sensitivity analysis », Economics of Innovation and New Technology, vol. 15 (4–5), pp. 317–344.
38. Lu, J., et Beamish, P. (2004), «International diversification and firm performance: the S-curve hypothesis», Academic Management Journal, vol. 47 (4), pp. 598-609.
39. Malmberg, A., et Maskell, P. (2002), « The elusive concept of localization economies: towards a knowledge-based theory of spatial clustering », Environment and Planning A, vol. 34, pp. 429-449.
40. Martin, L. et Nguyen Thi, T.U. (2015), « The relationship between innovation and productivity based on R&D and ICT use », Revue Economique, vol. 66, pp. 1105-1130.
41. Mairesse, J., et Mohnen, P. (2005), « The importance of R&D for innovation: A reassessment using French survey data », Journal of Technology Transfer, vol. 30 (1–2), pp. 183–197.
42. Ministère des affaires économiques et générales (2007), « Stratégie E-Maroc 2010 réalisations orientations et plans d’action »
43. Ministère de l’industrie, du commerce et des nouvelles technologies (2013), « Maroc Numeric 2013, Stratégie nationale pour la société de l’information et de l’économie numérique »
44. Ministère de l’industrie, du commerce et des nouvelles technologies (2016), « Stratégie nationale pour le développement de l’économie numérique, Broadband Forum and 3rd SC Meeting 8 Nov. 2016,
45. Morikawa, M. (2004), « Information Technolgy and the Performance of Japanese Firms » Small Business Economics, vol.23, pp.171-177
46. Oakey, R., Thwaites, A. et Nash, P. (1980), « The regional distribution of innovative manufacturing establishments in Britain », Regional Studies, vol. 14, pp. 235–253.
47. OCDE (2005), Manuel d’Oslo : Principes directeurs pour le recueil et l’interprétation des données sur l’innovation, 3ème édition.
48. Parisi, M.L., Schiantarelli, F., et Sembenelli, A. (2006), « Productivity, innovation and R&D: Micro evidence for Italy », European Economic Review, vol. 50 (8), pp. 2037–2061.
49. Polder, M., Zand, F., van Leeuwen, G., et Van Beers, C. (2012), « Complementarities between information technologies and innovation modes in the adoption and outcome stage: A micro- econometric Analysis for the Netherlands », dans CAED conference.
50. Polder, M., Van Leeuwen, G., Mohnen, P., et Raymond, W. (2009), « Productivity effects of innovation modes », Statistics Netherlands Discussion Paper N° 09033.
51. Rogers, M. (2004), « Networks, firm size and innovation », Small Business Economics, vol. 22, pp. 141–153.
52. Roper, S., et Love, J. H. (2002), « Innovation and export performance: evidence from the UK and German manufacturing plants », Research Policy, vol. 31(7), pp. 1087–1102.
53. Royaume du Maroc, (2020), « Note d’Orientations Générales pour du Digital au Maroc à horizon 2025 »
54. Salomon, R., et Shaver, J. (2005), « Learning by exporting: New insights from examining firm innovation » Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, vol. 14(2), pp. 431–460.
55. Santoleri, P. (2015), « Diversity and Intensity of information and communication technologies use and product innovation: evidence from Chilean micro-data », Economic of Innovation and New Technology, vol. 24 (6), pp. 550-568.
56. Scherer, F. (1980), Industrial market structure and economic performance, 2nd edition Rand McNally, Chicago.
57. Scherer, F. M. (1983), « The propensity to patent », International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol. 1, pp. 107–128.
58. Spiezia, V. (2011), « Are ICT Users More Innovative? An Analysis of ICT-Enabled Innovation in OECD Firms », OCDE Journal, Economic Studies, OECD.
59. Ueki, Y., et Tsuji, M. (2019), « The roles of ICTs on product innovation on Southeast Asia », The Reveiw of Socionetwork Strategies, vol.13, pp. 79-95
60. Van Leeuwen, G. (2008), « ICT, innovation and productivity », dans Eurostat (2008) Information Society: ICT impact assessment by linking data from different sources.
61. Vu, K., Hanafizadeh, P, et Bohlin, E. (2020), « ICT as a driver of economic growth: A survey of the literature and directions for future research », Telecommunications Policy, vol. 44 (2), 101922
62. Zahra, S.A., Duane Ireland, R. et Hitt, M.A. (2000), « International expansion by new venture firms: international diversity, mode of market entry, technological tearning, and performance », Academy of Management Journal, vol. 43 (5), pp. 925–50.
Published
2023-09-26
How to Cite
Aissaoui, S., & Oukarfi, S. (2023). L’Utilisation des TIC Favorise-T-Elle l’Innovation ? Le Cas des Entreprises Industrielles Marocaines. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 21, 506. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/17216
Section
ESI Preprints
Copyright (c) 2023 Safae Aissaoui, Samira Oukarfi
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