The Mediating Role of Change Management Between Technology Readiness and Job Performance
Keywords:
Change Management, Technology Readiness, Job Performance
Abstract
This research investigates the interaction between technology readiness, change management, and job performance. The effects of technology readiness on change management and job performance, while on the other hand, the mediation impact of change management on job performance has been explored. A self-report questionnaire was distributed to obtain a representative sample, yielding 409 complete responses. All questions were mandatory to prevent missing data. The survey began with demographic items (age, gender, education, years spent in the organization tenure, and work experience), followed by validated scales: Technology readiness (optimism and innovativeness), Change management (leadership support and participation/communication), Job performance (perceived organizational support and work-life conflict).
A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach was selected for its unique advantages in testing complex theoretical relationships. Despite excellent model fit (CFI=0.98, RMSEA=0.03), the results revealed theoretically significant null findings: technology readiness showed no significant direct effect on change management (β=0.12, p=.08) or job performance (β=0.09, p=.15), and change management did not mediate job performance (β=0.14, p=.11). These results suggest that the widely accepted link between technology readiness and change management desire may be more context-dependent than previous research indicates. While models like the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) posit direct relationships between these constructs, the findings imply that in organizational settings where change is mandated rather than voluntary, individual readiness may become less influential. These insights suggest organizations should focus more on structural implementation factors than individual preparation when mandating technological changes, offering a new perspective for both research and practice in organizational change management.
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References
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7. Bordia, P., Hobman, E., Jones, E., Gallois, C., and Callan, V. J. (2004). Uncertainty during organizational change: Types, consequences, and management strategies. Journal Of Business and Psychology, 18(4), 507-532
8. Brisson‐Banks, C. V. (2010). Managing change and transitions: a comparison of different models and their commonalities. Library Management, 31(4/5), 241-252
9. Bucciarelli, L. (2015). A review of innovation and change management: stage model and power influences. Universal Journal of Management, 3(1), 36-42
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27. Ghazali, R., Ahmad, A., Uli, J., Suandi, T., and Hassan, S. A. (2008). Commitment To Change Among Managers in A Selected Service Organization in Malaysia. International Journal of the Humanities, 6(8), 123-134.
28. Greenhaus, J. H. and Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy Of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88.
29. Grzywacz, J. G. and Bass, B. L. (2003). Work, family, and mental health: Testing different models of work‐family fit. Journal Of Marriage and Family, 65(1), 248-261.
30. Grzywacz, J. G. and Butler, A. B. (2005). The impact of job characteristics on work-to-family facilitation: testing a theory and distinguishing a construct. Journal Of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 97-109.
31. Herscovitch, L. and Meyer, J. P. (2002). Commitment to organizational change: extension of a three-component model. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 474-487.
32. Hinson, L. A., and Utke, S. (2023). Structural equation modeling in archival capital markets research: An empirical application to disclosure and cost of capital. Journal of Financial Reporting, 8(2), 87-130.
33. Hu, L. T., and Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
34. Jairo, I. (2008). The use of structural equation modelling (SEM) in capital structure empirical analysis. KCA Journal of Business Management, 1(1), 11-35
35. Ján, D. and Veronika, T. (2017). Examination of factors affecting the implementation of organizational changes. Journal of Competitiveness, 9(4), 5
36. Jayashree, P. and Hussain, S. J. (2011). Aligning change deployment: a Balanced Scorecard approach. Measuring Business Excellence, 15(3), 63-85.
37. Jiraporn, P., Kim, Y. S., Davidson, W. N., and Singh, M. (2006). Corporate governance, shareholder rights and firm diversification: An empirical analysis. Journal of Banking & Finance, 30(3), 947–963.
38. Joshi, A., Son, J., and Roh, H. (2015). When can women close the gap? A meta-analytic test of sex differences in performance and rewards. Academy Of Management Journal, 58(5), 1516-1545.
39. Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Pucik, V., and Welbourne, T. M. (1999). Managerial coping with organizational change: A dispositional perspective. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 107-122.
40. Kang, B., Twigg, N. W., and Hertzman, J. (2010). An examination of social support and social identity factors and their relationship to certified chefs’ burnout. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 168-176.
41. Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., de Vet, H. C., and van der Beek, A. J. (2014). Measuring individual work performance: Identifying and selecting indicators. Work, 48(2), 229-238.
42. Korsgaard, M. A., Sapienza, H. J., and Schweiger, D. M. (2002). Beaten before begun: The role of procedural justice in planning change. Journal of Management, 28(4), 497-516
43. Kotter, J. (2007). Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review, 86, 1-10.
44. Lau, C. M. and Woodman, R. W. (1995). Understanding organizational change: A schematic perspective. Academy Of Management Journal, 38(2), 537-554
45. Lavoie, J. R. and Daim, T. U. (2017). Technology readiness levels improving R&D management: A grounded theory analysis. In 2017 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 1-9
46. Levy, A. (1986). Second-order planned change: Definition and conceptualization. Organizational dynamics, 15(1), 5-23
47. Mick, D. G. and Fournier, S. (1998). Paradoxes of technology: Consumer cognizance, emotions, and coping strategies. Journal Of Consumer Research, 25(2), 123-143
48. Miller, V. D., Johnson, J. R., and Grau, J. (1994). Antecedents to willingness to participate in a planned organizational change. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 22, 59-80
49. Morris, M. G. and Venkatesh, V. (2000). Age differences in technology adoption decisions: Implications for a changing work force. Personnel Psychology, 53(2), 375-403.
50. Ng, T. W. H. and Feldman, D. C. (2008). The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 392-423
51. Ng, T. W. H., and Feldman, D. C. (2012). Evaluating six common stereotypes about older workers with meta-analytical data. Personnel Psychology, 65(4), 821-858
52. Ngo, H. Y. and Loi, R. (2008). Human resource flexibility, organizational culture and firm performance: An investigation of multinational firms in Hong Kong. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(9), 1654-1666
53. Oreg, S., Vakola, M., and Armenakis, A. (2011). Change recipients' reactions to organizational change: A 60-year review of quantitative studies. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(4), 461-524
54. Parasuraman, A. (2000). Technology Readiness Index (TRI) a multiple-item scale to measure readiness to embrace new technologies. Journal Of Service Research, 2(4), 307-320
55. Parry, W., Kirsch, C., Carey, P., and Shaw, D. (2014). Empirical development of a model of performance drivers in organizational change projects. Journal of Change Management, 14(1), 99-125
56. Platis, C., Reklitis, P., and Zimeras, S. (2015). Relation between job satisfaction and job performance in healthcare services. PROCEDIA-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, 480-487
57. Posthuma, R. A. and Campion, M. A. (2009). Age stereotypes in the workplace: Common stereotypes, moderators, and future research directions. Journal of Management, 35(1), 158-188
58. Quiñones, M. A., Ford, J. K., and Teachout, M. S. (1995). The relationship between work experience and job performance: A conceptual and meta-analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 887-910.
59. Rafferty, A. E. and Griffin, M. A. (2006). Perceptions of organizational change: A stress and coping perspective. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1154-1162
60. Ramli, N. A., Latan, H., and Solovida, G. T. (2019). Determinants of capital structure and firm financial performance—A PLS-SEM approach: Evidence from Malaysia and Indonesia. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 71, 148-160.
61. Ramos-Villagrasa, P. J., Barrada, J. R., Fernández-del-Río, E., and Koopmans, L. (2019). Assessing job performance using brief self-report scales: The case of the individual work performance questionnaire. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 35(3), 195-205
62. Rousseau, D. M. (1990). New hire perceptions of their own and their employer's obligations: A study of psychological contracts. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 11(5), 389-400
63. Shin, Y., and Thai, V. V. (2015). The impact of corporate social responsibility on customer satisfaction, relationship maintenance and loyalty in the shipping industry. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(6), 381-392.
64. Vlasenko, T., Hatsko, A., Larina, T., Hryn, Y., Streimikiene, D., and Balezentis, T. (2019). Fuzzy evaluation of change management processes in the context of enterprise sustainability. Sustainability, 11(22), 1-11
65. Wanberg, C. R. and Banas, J. T. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of openness to changes in a reorganizing workplace. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 132-142
66. Wang, M. O., Zhan, Y., McCune, E., and Truxillo, D. (2011). Understanding Newcomers’ adaptability And Work‐Related Outcomes: Testing the Mediating Roles of Perceived P–E Fit Variables. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 163-189
67. Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., and Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy Of Management Journal, 40(1), 82-111
68. Wojtkowska, K., Andersz, N., and Czarnota-Bojarska, J. (2016). Adapting the survey of perceived organizational support. Polish Journal of Applied Psychology, 14(4), 47-58
2. Al-Omari, A. and Al-Omari, H. (2006). E-government readiness assessment model. Journal of Computer Science, 2(11), 841-845
3. Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (1993). Creating readiness for organizational change. Human relations, 46(6), 681-703
4. Azim, M. I. (2012). Corporate governance mechanisms and their impact on company performance: A structural equation model analysis. Australian Journal of Management, 37(3), 481-505.
5. Beer, M., Eisenstat, R. A., & Spector, B. (1990). Why change programs don’t produce change. Harvard Business Review, 68(6), 158-166.
6. Bommer, W. H., Rich, G. A., and Rubin, R. S. (2005). Changing attitudes about change: Longitudinal effects of transformational leader behavior on employee cynicism about organizational change. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 26(7), 733-753
7. Bordia, P., Hobman, E., Jones, E., Gallois, C., and Callan, V. J. (2004). Uncertainty during organizational change: Types, consequences, and management strategies. Journal Of Business and Psychology, 18(4), 507-532
8. Brisson‐Banks, C. V. (2010). Managing change and transitions: a comparison of different models and their commonalities. Library Management, 31(4/5), 241-252
9. Bucciarelli, L. (2015). A review of innovation and change management: stage model and power influences. Universal Journal of Management, 3(1), 36-42
10. Burnes, B. (2004). Kurt Lewin and the planned approach to change: a re‐appraisal. Journal Of Management Studies, 41(6), 977-1002
11. Caldwell, S. D., Herold, D. M., and Fedor, D. B. (2004). Toward an understanding of the relationships among organizational change, individual differences, and changes in person-environment fit: a cross-level study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 868-882
12. Campbell, J. P., and Wiernik, B. M. (2015). The modeling and assessment of work performance. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav., 2(1), 47-74
13. Chang, C., Lee, A. C., and Lee, C. F. (2009). Determinants of capital structure choice: A structural equation modeling approach. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 49(2), 197-213.
14. Cullen, K. L., Edwards, B. D., Casper, W. C., and Gue, K. R. (2014). Employees’ adaptability and perceptions of change-related uncertainty: Implications for perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(2), 269-280
15. DiFonzo, N. and Bordia, P. (1998). A tale of two corporations: Managing uncertainty during organizational change. Human Resource Management: Published In Cooperation with The School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and In Alliance with The Society of Human Resources Management, 37(3‐4), 295-303.
16. DiMaggio, P. J., and Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160.
17. Edmonstone, J. (1995). Managing change: an emerging new consensus. Health Manpower Management. 25(1), 16-19
18. Errida, A., Lotfi, B. and Semma, E. (2018). Measuring change management performance: a case study of a Moroccan construction company. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Technology Management, Operations and Decisions (ICTMOD), 206-213
19. Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S., & Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 812-820
20. Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., and Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied psychology, 71(3), 500-507.
21. Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49(8), 709-724.
22. Erdoğmuş, N., and Esen, M. (2011). An investigation of the effects of technology readiness on technology acceptance in e-HRM. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 487-495
23. Farkas, A. J. and Tetrick, L. E. (1989). A three-wave longitudinal analysis of the causal ordering of satisfaction and commitment on turnover decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(6), 855-868
24. Fisher, S. L., and Howell, A. W. (2004). Beyond user acceptance: An examination of employee reactions to information technology systems. Human Resource Management: Published In Cooperation with the School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and In Alliance with The Society of Human Resources Management, 43(2‐3), 243-258.
25. Frone, M. R., Yardley, J. K., and Markel, K. S. (1997). Developing and testing an integrative model of the work–family interface. Journal Of Vocational Behavior, 50(2), 145-167
26. Gareis, R. (2010). Changes of organizations by projects. International Journal of Project Management, 28(4), 314-327.
27. Ghazali, R., Ahmad, A., Uli, J., Suandi, T., and Hassan, S. A. (2008). Commitment To Change Among Managers in A Selected Service Organization in Malaysia. International Journal of the Humanities, 6(8), 123-134.
28. Greenhaus, J. H. and Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy Of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88.
29. Grzywacz, J. G. and Bass, B. L. (2003). Work, family, and mental health: Testing different models of work‐family fit. Journal Of Marriage and Family, 65(1), 248-261.
30. Grzywacz, J. G. and Butler, A. B. (2005). The impact of job characteristics on work-to-family facilitation: testing a theory and distinguishing a construct. Journal Of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 97-109.
31. Herscovitch, L. and Meyer, J. P. (2002). Commitment to organizational change: extension of a three-component model. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 474-487.
32. Hinson, L. A., and Utke, S. (2023). Structural equation modeling in archival capital markets research: An empirical application to disclosure and cost of capital. Journal of Financial Reporting, 8(2), 87-130.
33. Hu, L. T., and Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
34. Jairo, I. (2008). The use of structural equation modelling (SEM) in capital structure empirical analysis. KCA Journal of Business Management, 1(1), 11-35
35. Ján, D. and Veronika, T. (2017). Examination of factors affecting the implementation of organizational changes. Journal of Competitiveness, 9(4), 5
36. Jayashree, P. and Hussain, S. J. (2011). Aligning change deployment: a Balanced Scorecard approach. Measuring Business Excellence, 15(3), 63-85.
37. Jiraporn, P., Kim, Y. S., Davidson, W. N., and Singh, M. (2006). Corporate governance, shareholder rights and firm diversification: An empirical analysis. Journal of Banking & Finance, 30(3), 947–963.
38. Joshi, A., Son, J., and Roh, H. (2015). When can women close the gap? A meta-analytic test of sex differences in performance and rewards. Academy Of Management Journal, 58(5), 1516-1545.
39. Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Pucik, V., and Welbourne, T. M. (1999). Managerial coping with organizational change: A dispositional perspective. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 107-122.
40. Kang, B., Twigg, N. W., and Hertzman, J. (2010). An examination of social support and social identity factors and their relationship to certified chefs’ burnout. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 168-176.
41. Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., de Vet, H. C., and van der Beek, A. J. (2014). Measuring individual work performance: Identifying and selecting indicators. Work, 48(2), 229-238.
42. Korsgaard, M. A., Sapienza, H. J., and Schweiger, D. M. (2002). Beaten before begun: The role of procedural justice in planning change. Journal of Management, 28(4), 497-516
43. Kotter, J. (2007). Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review, 86, 1-10.
44. Lau, C. M. and Woodman, R. W. (1995). Understanding organizational change: A schematic perspective. Academy Of Management Journal, 38(2), 537-554
45. Lavoie, J. R. and Daim, T. U. (2017). Technology readiness levels improving R&D management: A grounded theory analysis. In 2017 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 1-9
46. Levy, A. (1986). Second-order planned change: Definition and conceptualization. Organizational dynamics, 15(1), 5-23
47. Mick, D. G. and Fournier, S. (1998). Paradoxes of technology: Consumer cognizance, emotions, and coping strategies. Journal Of Consumer Research, 25(2), 123-143
48. Miller, V. D., Johnson, J. R., and Grau, J. (1994). Antecedents to willingness to participate in a planned organizational change. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 22, 59-80
49. Morris, M. G. and Venkatesh, V. (2000). Age differences in technology adoption decisions: Implications for a changing work force. Personnel Psychology, 53(2), 375-403.
50. Ng, T. W. H. and Feldman, D. C. (2008). The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 392-423
51. Ng, T. W. H., and Feldman, D. C. (2012). Evaluating six common stereotypes about older workers with meta-analytical data. Personnel Psychology, 65(4), 821-858
52. Ngo, H. Y. and Loi, R. (2008). Human resource flexibility, organizational culture and firm performance: An investigation of multinational firms in Hong Kong. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(9), 1654-1666
53. Oreg, S., Vakola, M., and Armenakis, A. (2011). Change recipients' reactions to organizational change: A 60-year review of quantitative studies. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(4), 461-524
54. Parasuraman, A. (2000). Technology Readiness Index (TRI) a multiple-item scale to measure readiness to embrace new technologies. Journal Of Service Research, 2(4), 307-320
55. Parry, W., Kirsch, C., Carey, P., and Shaw, D. (2014). Empirical development of a model of performance drivers in organizational change projects. Journal of Change Management, 14(1), 99-125
56. Platis, C., Reklitis, P., and Zimeras, S. (2015). Relation between job satisfaction and job performance in healthcare services. PROCEDIA-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, 480-487
57. Posthuma, R. A. and Campion, M. A. (2009). Age stereotypes in the workplace: Common stereotypes, moderators, and future research directions. Journal of Management, 35(1), 158-188
58. Quiñones, M. A., Ford, J. K., and Teachout, M. S. (1995). The relationship between work experience and job performance: A conceptual and meta-analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 887-910.
59. Rafferty, A. E. and Griffin, M. A. (2006). Perceptions of organizational change: A stress and coping perspective. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1154-1162
60. Ramli, N. A., Latan, H., and Solovida, G. T. (2019). Determinants of capital structure and firm financial performance—A PLS-SEM approach: Evidence from Malaysia and Indonesia. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 71, 148-160.
61. Ramos-Villagrasa, P. J., Barrada, J. R., Fernández-del-Río, E., and Koopmans, L. (2019). Assessing job performance using brief self-report scales: The case of the individual work performance questionnaire. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 35(3), 195-205
62. Rousseau, D. M. (1990). New hire perceptions of their own and their employer's obligations: A study of psychological contracts. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 11(5), 389-400
63. Shin, Y., and Thai, V. V. (2015). The impact of corporate social responsibility on customer satisfaction, relationship maintenance and loyalty in the shipping industry. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(6), 381-392.
64. Vlasenko, T., Hatsko, A., Larina, T., Hryn, Y., Streimikiene, D., and Balezentis, T. (2019). Fuzzy evaluation of change management processes in the context of enterprise sustainability. Sustainability, 11(22), 1-11
65. Wanberg, C. R. and Banas, J. T. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of openness to changes in a reorganizing workplace. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 132-142
66. Wang, M. O., Zhan, Y., McCune, E., and Truxillo, D. (2011). Understanding Newcomers’ adaptability And Work‐Related Outcomes: Testing the Mediating Roles of Perceived P–E Fit Variables. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 163-189
67. Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., and Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy Of Management Journal, 40(1), 82-111
68. Wojtkowska, K., Andersz, N., and Czarnota-Bojarska, J. (2016). Adapting the survey of perceived organizational support. Polish Journal of Applied Psychology, 14(4), 47-58
Published
2025-06-25
How to Cite
Hamad, S. (2025). The Mediating Role of Change Management Between Technology Readiness and Job Performance. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 42, 545. Retrieved from https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/19680
Section
ESI Preprints
Copyright (c) 2025 Samer Hamad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
