Etat de connaissances du Banana Bunchy top Virus (BBTV) : Synthèse bibliographique
Abstract
Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) est l’un des virus les plus destructeurs des bananiers, causant Banana bunchy top desease (BBTD). Il entraîne des pertes économiques importantes et constitue une menace pour la sécurité alimentaire dans plusieurs régions du monde. Cette synthèse bibliographique nous montre que l’état de l’art du BBTV. Le BBTV appartient à la famille des Nanoviridae, genre Babuvirus. Il est composé d’un ADN monocatenaire constitué de 6 à 10 molécules ADN codant chacune pour une protéine ayant un rôle important dans le fonctionnement du virus. Les six composants du génome BBTV sont appelés ADN-R, ADN-N, ADN-S, ADN, ADN-M, ADN-C et ADN- U3. Il affecte toutes les parties du bananier, notamment les feuilles, le pseudotronc et les rejets, provoquant un nanisme de la plante, des stries vert foncé, des feuilles dressées comme un bouquet de fleur. Il peut occasionner des pertes allant jusqu’à 80 à 100% de une perte de production de la banane. Le BBTV est transmis principalement par un puceron, Pentalonia nigronervosa, qui transmet le virus de manière persistante et circulante. Il appartient à l’ordre des homoptères, à la famille Aphididae, et au genre Pentalonia. Son hôte principal est Musa spp., bien que d'autres plantes comme Enset puissent être affectées. Il se propage principalement par le puceron et le matériel de plantation conventionnel notamment les bulbes et les rejets qui contribuent à l’expansion de la maladie. Le BBTV peut être détecté par différentes techniques telles que les méthodes d’observations visuelles, sérologiques (ELISA); les méthodes moléculaires par des techniques d’amplification PCR; LAMP et RCA. Le BBTV se propage rapidement dans les zones où son vecteur est présent et où les rejets infectés sont échangés entre agriculteurs. Des conditions climatiques favorables, telles que l’humidité et les températures élevées, accélèrent la dispersion du virus. Le virus est présent dans près de 53 pays dans le monde. Avec une incidence de 38% pour l’Afrique, 32% pour l’Asie ; 28% pour l’Océanie et 2% pour l’Amérique. Il existe deux principaux groupes phylogénétiques: le groupe Pacifique-Océan Indien (PIO) et le groupe Asie du Sud Est (SEA). Les divers isolats de BBTV présente une homologie de plus 85%. Tous les isolats d’Afrique sont regroupés au niveau POI. La diversité génétique influence la virulence et la dissémination du virus. Pour protéger la culture du bananier, des mesures de gestion du BBTV peuvent être mise en place à plusieurs niveaux. Ces stratégies de gestion reposent sur (1) L’élimination des plants infectés pour éviter la propagation. (2) ; l’utilisation de matériel végétal sain et certifié ; (3) La lutte contre le puceron vecteur, notamment avec des insecticides ou des méthodes biologiques ; (4) La recherche de variétés résistantes par sélection génétique ou biotechnologie. Au Gabon, la présence du BBTV représente une menace croissante pour la production de bananes. Peu d’études approfondies ont été menées, mais les études menées ont révélé la présence du virus sur les 8 provinces parmi les 9 provinces. Des efforts sont nécessaires pour mieux cartographier sa présence, sensibiliser les producteurs et mettre en place des mesures de contrôle adaptées. Ce résumé met en évidence l’importance de la lutte contre le BBTV pour préserver la production bananière et garantir la sécurité alimentaire.
Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) is one of the most destructive viruses affecting banana plants, causing Banana Bunchy Top Disease (BBTD). It causes significant economic losses and poses a threat to food security in several regions of the world. This literature review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on BBTV. BBTV belongs to the Nanoviridae family, genus Babuvirus. It consists of single-stranded DNA made up of 6 to 10 DNA molecules, each encoding a protein that plays an important role in the functioning of the virus. The six components of the BBTV genome are called DNA-R, DNA-N, DNA-S, DNA, DNA-M, DNA-C, and DNA-U3. It affects all parts of the banana tree, particularly the leaves, pseudostem, and suckers, causing dwarfism of the plant, dark green streaks, and leaves that stand upright like a bouquet of flowers. It can cause losses of up to 80 to 100% of banana production. BBTV is transmitted mainly by an aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa, which transmits the virus persistently and circulantly. It belongs to the order Homoptera, the family Aphididae, and the genus Pentalonia. Its main host is Musa spp., although other plants such as Enset may also be affected. It spreads mainly through aphids and conventional planting material, particularly bulbs and suckers, which contribute to the spread of the disease. BBTV can be detected by various techniques such as visual observation, serological methods (ELISA), and molecular methods using PCR amplification techniques, LAMP, and RCA. BBTV spreads rapidly in areas where its vector is present and where infected suckers are exchanged between farmers. Favorable climatic conditions, such as humidity and high temperatures, accelerate the spread of the virus. The virus is present in nearly 53 countries worldwide. Its incidence is 38% in Africa, 32% in Asia, 28% in Oceania, and 2% in the Americas. There are two main phylogenetic groups: the Pacific-Indian Ocean (PIO) group and the Southeast Asia (SEA) group. The various BBTV isolates show more than 85% homology. All isolates from Africa are grouped at the POI level. Genetic diversity influences the virulence and spread of the virus. To protect banana crops, BBTV management measures can be implemented at several levels. These management strategies are based on (1) the elimination of infected plants to prevent spread; (2) the use of healthy, certified plant material; (3) control of the aphid vector, particularly with insecticides or biological methods; (4) research into resistant varieties through genetic selection or biotechnology. In Gabon, the presence of BBTV poses a growing threat to banana production. Few in-depth studies have been conducted, but those that have been carried out have revealed the presence of the virus in eight of the nine provinces. Efforts are needed to better map its presence, raise awareness among producers, and implement appropriate control measures.
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