Producteurs et itineraires de production maraichere sur le littoral togolais
Abstract
Le maraîchage constitue une activité agricole stratégique sur le littoral togolais. Cette étude vise à caractériser le profil des producteurs et à analyser les pratiques culturales en zone côtière. L’approche méthodologique combine des enquêtes par questionnaire, des observations de terrain et des entretiens individuels auprès de 100 producteurs. Les résultats montrent une prédominance masculine (66 %), avec une majorité de producteurs âgés de moins de 45 ans. Le niveau d’instruction est globalement faible, avec seulement 6 % ayant atteint le secondaire II. Les pratiques culturales reposent essentiellement sur des savoirs empiriques, incluant l’utilisation de planches surélevées, une irrigation fréquente à partir d’eaux souterraines (forages) et une fertilisation organo-minérale. L’usage de pesticides chimiques concerne 56 % des producteurs, contre 24 % pour les biopesticides. L’approvisionnement en semences est diversifié : 18 % des producteurs s’approvisionnent au grand marché d’Attikpodji, 10 % auprès de fournisseurs locaux, tandis que 20 % utilisent des semences importées de pays voisins, notamment du Ghana. Une minorité (4 %) pratique l’autoproduction de semences, en conservant des plants sur leurs parcelles. Quinze espèces maraîchères ont été recensées, dominées par les légumes-feuilles (Lactuca sativa L., Solanum macrocarpum L.), les légumes-fruits (Capsicum annuum L., Solanum lycopersicum L.) et les légumes-racines (Beta vulgaris L., Daucus carota L.), traduisant une adaptation aux préférences du marché. Les principales contraintes identifiées sont la pression parasitaire, les embruns marins, l’insécurité foncière, l’accès limité aux intrants et les coûts élevés de l’irrigation et de l’énergie. Malgré un potentiel hydrique favorable et la proximité du marché urbain de Lomé, la commercialisation reste largement informelle, limitant la valorisation économique des productions. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité d’une approche intégrée fondée sur l’amélioration des pratiques culturales, la promotion de solutions agroécologiques, la sécurisation foncière, le renforcement des capacités des producteurs et l’adoption de technologies d’irrigation durables, afin d’assurer la durabilité du maraîchage côtier togolais.
Market gardening is a strategic agricultural activity on the Togolese coast. This study aims to characterize the profile of producers and analyze farming practices in coastal areas. The methodological approach combines questionnaire surveys, field observations, and individual interviews with 100 producers. The results show a male predominance (66%), with a majority of producers under 45 years of age. The overall level of education is low, with only 6% having completed upper secondary education. Farming practices are based primarily on empirical knowledge, including the use of raised beds, frequent irrigation from groundwater (boreholes), and organo-mineral fertilization. Chemical pesticides are used by 56% of producers, compared to 24% for biopesticides. Seed supply is diversified: 18% of producers obtain their seeds from the large market in Attikpodji, 10% from local suppliers, while 20% use imported seeds from neighboring countries, particularly Ghana. A minority (4%) practice self-sufficiency in seed production, keeping seedlings on their plots. Fifteen vegetable species were identified, dominated by leafy vegetables (Lactuca sativa L., Solanum macrocarpum L.), fruiting vegetables (Capsicum annuum L., Solanum lycopersicum L.), and root vegetables (Beta vulgaris L., Daucus carota L.), reflecting an adaptation to market preferences. The main constraints identified are pest pressure, sea spray, land insecurity, limited access to inputs, and high irrigation and energy costs. Despite favorable water resources and proximity to the urban market of Lomé, marketing remains largely informal, limiting the economic value of produce. These findings highlight the need for an integrated approach based on improving farming practices, promoting agroecological solutions, securing land tenure, strengthening producer capacity, and adopting sustainable irrigation technologies to ensure the sustainability of coastal market gardening in Togo.
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