22.000+ authors from all around the globe Over 10 million website visits Open Access
The “European Scientific Journal”, ESJ is a peer-reviewed and open access journal, which publishes research articles and literature reviews in English, French or Spanish. This monthly issued publication of the European Scientific Institute, ESI embraces a wide range of academic disciplines. Submissions in the area of social sciences, humanities, life sciences, medical and natural sciences are welcome.
Founded in 2010, on European soil, ESJ strives to become a venue for academic attainments from all around the globe. On its way to scientifically sound publications, it connects reviewers and authors from different countries and academic titles, providing knowledge transfer and sharing of best practices.
ESJ supports the researchers in overcoming contemporary barriers. Our effort is to provide decency through a realistic amount of publication charges; Fairness by cutting the timeframe for reviewer selection and first decision; Agility through permanent communication with the authors and reviewers; professionalism through a constant promotion of academic ethics and international impact through support of open science and interdisciplinary research.
Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice/ESJ Ethics Committee
The European Scientific Journal (ESJ) is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and takes all possible measures against any publication malpractices. In this regard, ESJ adheres to the COPE recommendations. All authors submitting their works to the ESJ for publication, as original articles, attest that the submitted works represent their authors’ contributions and have not been copied or plagiarized in whole or in part from other works. The authors acknowledge that they have disclosed all and any actual or potential conflicts of interest with their work or partial benefits associated with it. In the same manner, the ESJ is committed to objective and fair peer-review of the submitted works for publication, and it focuses on preventing any actual or potential conflict of interests between the editorial and review personnel and the reviewed material.
Any departures from the above-defined rules should be reported as a complaint directly to the ESJ editorial office and its ESJ Ethics Committee. The ESJ Ethics Committee consists of the ESJ Managing Editor, Editor-in-Chief, and the associate editors. This body is unequivocally committed to providing swift resolutions to any of such types of problems. ESJ`s Ethics Committee has successfully resolved all of the several complaints received so far. It can also contact experts and ESJ reviewers in a given field for their opinion and recommendations on a specific case.
European Scientific Journal (ESJ)
ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print)
ISSN: 1857 - 7431 (Online)
Contact: contact@eujournal.org
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'eujournal.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
Publisher: European Scientific Institute, ESI.
ESI cooperates with Universities and Academic Centres on 5 continents.
Offices: Portugal, Macedonia, Argentina
Email: contact@eujournal.org
Announcements
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October/2019: On 3rd October in Marrakech, members of the ESJ editorial office and ESJ reviewers have organized panel discussion on "ESJ experience and further prospects". https://twitter.com/EuropeanSj/status/1179787818262028293 September/2019: ESJ editorial office has organized a Webinar for the ESJ reviewers on 13 September 2019. Our associate editor John Strait and senior editor Natalia Sizochenko shared their ESJ experience on peer review and academic publishing. June/2019: Starting in June 2019, every ESJ article has Review History alongside its final version. It consists of contact of the corresponding author, DOI number, number of reviewers and their names (if they agreed to open). May/2019: Dr. John B. Strait from Sam Houston State University, USA is appointed an ESJ associate editor. His short bio here. February/2019: We would like to thank Dr. Jacques de Vos Malan (University of Melbourne) for his great work and commitment as an ESJ associate editor in the past 2 years. Welcoming him at the position ESJ Advisory editor. February/2019: ESJ Special edition on "Artificial Intelligence & Ethics" with our Guest Editor Dr. Julia M. Puaschunder, (Harvard University). For details on the submission process Click here February/2019: ESJ Reviewers of the year 2018: January/2019: 24 January, 6pm (Central European Time): Online meeting of the ESJ editorial office and senior editors. January/2019: Our ESJ reviewers: Szczepan Figiel, Jingshun Zhang, Brian Sloboda, Oscar Del Villar; John B. Strait, Eyal Lewin, Simone T. Hashiguti, Driss Bouyahya; Natalia Sizochenko, Janaka Jayawickrama, Leonard D. Holmes and Claudia M. Dellafiore are appointed ESJ senior editors in the areas of social sciences, humanities, natural and medical sciences for 2019-2020. December/2018: Happy Holidays from all of us at ESJ. See the ESJ You Tube video at the following link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSwjrCc4Y9A December/2018: Dr. Robert W. McGee, Professor at Fayetteville State University, USA is appointed an ESJ editor in chief 2019-2020. Click here to see his short CV. His affluent academic record at the link below. November/2018: The European Scientific Journal, ESJ is an official partner of Publons by Clarivate Analytics. Every ESJ reviewer can register his/her review report on Publons. Our account on the following link https://publons.com/journal/26564/european-scientific-journal-esj October/2018: 8 members of the ESJ editorial board have attended the 13th International Scientific Forum, ISF 4-6 October in Fez, Morocco. September/2018: 7 members of the ESJ editorial board have attended the 8th Eurasian Multidisciplinary Forum, EMF 6-7 September in Tbilisi, Georgia. August/2018: Belen Martinez-Ferrer, a Professor at Pablo Olavide University in Spain, is appointed an ESJ associate editor. Her Google Scholar profile at the following link https://scholar.google.bg/citations?user=bBDrHL8AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao July/2018: ESJ`s citation impact in 2018, according to Google Scholar: h5-index 31 h5-median 46 https://scholar.google.bg/citations? hl=en&view_op=list_hcore&venue=MQTZLImPvHEJ.2018 April/2018: 10 members of the ESJ editorial board have attended during the 12th International Scientific Forum, ISF 26-27 April in Prague. January/2018: Dr. Antonio Pulido Bosch, Professor at the University of Almeria, Spain and Dr. Pilar Caceres Reche, Professor at the University of Granada, Spain are appointed ESJ associate editors. January/2018: ESJ Reviewers of the year 2017: November/2017: 15 ESJ/ESI reviewers are present at the 9th International Scientific Forum, ISF 2017 at the University of Cambridge, UK. October/2017: 10 ESJ/ESI reviewers have attended the 7h Eurasian Multidisciplinary Forum, EMF 2017 at Grigol Robakidze University in Tbilisi, Georgia. September/2017: 11 ESJ/ESI reviewers have attended the 8th International Scientific Forum, ISF at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. July/2017: ESJ citation impact in 2017, according to Google Scholar: h-index 26 h-median 32 June/2017: Dr. Tiffany T. Boury, professor at Franciscan University of Steubenvile, USA, has been appointed associate editor for the European Scientific Journal, ESJ. March/2017: Read the interview with Dr. Monika Bolek. One of the ESJ`s outstanding reviewers. March/2017: ESI/ESJ signed a Memo of Understanding with Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. January/2017: ESJ 2016 Reviewers of the year: December/2016: Disclaimer: The European Scientific Journal, ESJ did not publish an article on 9/11 attacks.PDF November/2016: In the process of delivering high quality academic content ESJ also cooperates with Cengage Learning. September/2016: Disclaimer: The European Scientific Journal, ESJ did not publish an article on 9/11 attacks.PDF July/2016: Invited Editorial: Responding to Incivility in the Classroom: A Case Study July/2016: ESJ citation h-index, calculated by Google Scholar. May/2016: ESJ hard copies global dissemination. Photos arrived from Mexico. Share your photos with the ESJ editorial office. May/2016: ESI/ESJ signed an agreement for content preservation with Portico. March/2016: Cpanel Awstats: In the month of March 2016 ESJ website visits: 275,243 by people from 206 Countries or territories. February/2016: ESJ became a Crossref member. Every article will be entitled with specific DOI number. January/2016: ESJ Twitter account https://twitter.com/EuropeanSj January/2016: ESJ Reviewer of the year 2015: Antoni Vidal Sune, Rovira i Virgili University, Spain and Gerry Coulter, Bishop’s University, Canada November/2015: ESJ/ESI became partners of World Academy of Art and Science October/2015: The European Scientific Journal has been included in the Polish Ministry of Education journals` list. https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/journals/47668 September/2015: European Scientific Institute, ESI 5th Anniversary. July/2015: May/2015: ESJ Special edition. Published papers of Pan-American Interdisciplinary Conference, 13-16 March 2015, Buenos Aires, Argentina. April/2015: ESJ Special edition. Published papers of Eurasian Forum on Law and Economics, 19-21 February 2015, Tbilisi, Georgia. March/2015: European Scientific Journal, ESJ submission 2014 map February/2015: European Scientific Institute, ESI becomes member of ICORE (International Community for Open Research and Education). January/2015: Memo of Understanding with Sakarya University/Institute of Educational Sciences, Turkey November/2014: Academic Cooperation established with DSEE/Bilkent University, Turkey October/2014: Academic Cooperation established with North West University, South Africa September/2014: Memorandum of Understanding signed with CITAD/Lusiada University, Lisbon, Portugal August/2014: Memorandum of Understanding with Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India July/2014: European Scientific Journal, ESJ`s editorial note. June/2014: European Scientific Institute, ESI and New York Institute of Tecnology/Center for Global Health, USA have signed Memo of Understanding. May/2014: European Scientific Institute, ESI, Promo Video April/2014: Cooperation with the Middle East University, Jordan March/2014: Cooperation with the University of Almeria, Spain February/2014: Cooperation with the University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina January/2014: United Nations Academic Impact, membership December/2013: Damanhour University, Egypt, partnership November/2013: Memo of Understanding with IBAIS University, Bangladesh November/2013: Partnership established with University of Madeira, Portugal November/2013: Partnership established with UNESCO (World`s Science Day celebration) November/2013: Memo of understanding with Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania October/2013: Memo of understanding with Cracow University of Economics, Poland October/2013: Memo of understanding with European University of Tirana, Albania September/2013: Memo of understanding with Santiago University, Cape Verde August/2013: Academic Cooperation established with Arab Open University, Lebanon July /2013: Memo of understanding with Botswana Accountancy College, Botswana June /2013: Memo of understanding with the European University of Tirana, Albania May /2013: ESJ`s Index Copernicus Value, ICV, 2011 = 5.09 April /2013: "ESJ`s representative office established at the University of the Azores, Portugal (Coordinator: Jose Noronha Rodrigues) March /2013: " Call for papers launched, ESJ`s special edition with the Grigol Robakidze University, Tbilisi Georgia" (Project Coordinators: Jovan Shopovski, Nino Kermetelidze) February /2013: "Call For Papers", ISF International Scientific Forum, December, 2013, Tirana, Albania (http://isforum.us/) January /2013: "Call For Papers", ESF, Eurasian Scientific FORUM, 24-26 Octiber, 2013, Tbilisi, Georgia (http://emforum.eu/) December/2012: Scientific Cooperation with University "Stefan cel Mare", Suceava, Romania November/2012: Memo of understanding with Vitrina University, Tirana, Albania September/2012: “ESJ” website www.eujournal.org in September 2012 have been visited by more than 8.000 researchers from more than 60 countries worldwide. August/2012: Project: "ESJ" in Spanish. Authors can submit papers in Spanish (with English abstract) (Project coordinator: Mr. Cristian Redi, Professor at the University Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina) July/2012: "Call For Papers", AIIC Annual international interdisciplinary conference, 24, 25, 26 April, 2013, Azores Islands, Portugal (http://aiiconference.net) June/2012: Project: "ESJ" in French. Authors can submit papers in French (with English abstract) May/2012: |
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| Posted: 2012-06-20 | More... |
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Vol 15, No 27 (2019): ESJ September EDITION
Table of Contents
Articles
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Editorial Office
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Isabelle Vézina, Robyn Gorham, Elena Hunt
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1
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Karla Itzel Zacarías Sánchez, Francisco Rodríguez-Flores, Ana Laura Luna-Jiménez, Nicolás González-Cortés, Román Jiménez-Vera
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10
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Pascal Chigblo, Koovi Penance Agbélélé, François Amossou, Padonou Adebola, Éric Lawson, Iréti Fiacre Tidjani, Soumaïla Madougou, Aristote Hans-Moevi Akue
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23
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Iréti Fiacre Tidjani, Eric Lawson, Abdourahmane Ouangre, Pascal Chigblo, Etienne Alagnide, Marius Boko, Soumaïla Madougou, Aristote Hans-Moevi Akue
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31
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Kamissoko Aly Badra, Traoré Marie, Oniankitan Sadat, Wann Thierno Amadou, Diallo Mamadou Lamine, Dakeyo Heze Charles Monbeau, Diallo Alhassane, Oniankitan Owonayo
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42
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Edéa Olayèmi Géoffroy, Hinvi Lambert Cloud, Abou Youssouf, Gbangboche Armand Bienvenu
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54
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Attiklemé Olivier, Agbodjogbe Basile, Atoun Carlos, Attiklemé Kossivi, Kpazaï Georges
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89
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Minhibo Yves Magloire, Akpesse Akpa Alexandre Moïse, Diby Yao Kan Séraphin, Hala N’klo, Koua K. Hervé
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111
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Md. Kamal Uddin, H. M. Zakir Hossain, Jahid Sarker, Fatema Nusrat Jahan, Nayar Sultana
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125
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Adidjatou Ouattara, Alassane Meite, Theodor Dally, Howele Ouattara, Seraphin Kati-Coulibaly
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136
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Ibrahim El Ghazi, Imane Berni, Aziza Menouni, Marie-Paule Kestemont, Mohammed Amane, Samir El Jaafari
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150
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Rasmata Nana, Badoua Badiel, Hamed Mahamadi Ouedraogo, Frederic Soubande, Zoumbiesse Tamini
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159
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Sani Maazou Mahamane Sabiou, Sabo Haoua, Souley Kallo Moutari, Maman Moustapha Rabiou, Sadou Hassimi, Aminatou Bako, Amoukou Ibrahim
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172
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Moloba Lukombo Yannick, Mobula Meta Victor, Ntoto Mvubu Roger, Mpanzu Balomba Patience, Belani Massamba Justin, Ngonde Nsakala Hervé, Mahungu Nzola Meso, Lukumbo Singi Simon, Botumba Kupesa Toussaint
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187
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Suleiman P. I. Ogah, Faisal C. Emetumah
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204
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Onatunji Adewale Paul, Folorunso Serifat Adedamola, Oluwasola Timothy A. O., Bamanga Muhammad Ardo, Folorunso Morufu Aderemi
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221
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Zougrou N’guessan Ernest, Tovi Wahon Marie-Odile, Blahi Adélaïde Nadia Méa, Kouakou Koffi
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231
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Gnon Tchein, Tounou Agbéko Kodjo, Agboka Komi, Tchao Manguilibè, Sanda Komla
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256
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Kone Souleymane, Bamba Siaka Barthelemy, Ouattara Ismaïla, Diallo Seydou, Kamagaté Bamory
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282
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Ibrahima KA, Abib Diop, Aliou Coly Faye, Papa Saloum Diop, Babacar Fall
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305
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Sarra El Hadri, Anouar Jaoui, Hassan Bouziane
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311
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Kouassi Adjoua Madeleine, Ouali-N’goran San-Whouly Mauricette, Soro Yadé René, Akessé Ettien Narcice, Coulibaly Adama
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326
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Mohamed El Fartati, Said Hinaje, Samir Amrani, Youssef Gharmane, Driss Yaagoub
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339
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Alexis Mbouloungou, Aubin Armel Koumba, Jean Bernard Mombo, Nadine Ndonghan Iyangui, Jacques François Mavoungou, Jules Djeki
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362
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Brahima Koné, Amidou Dao, Vamoryba Fadika, Dabissi Noufé, Bamory Kamagaté
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383
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Francis Enagnon Oussou, Joseph Oloukoi, Nicaise Yalo, Moussa Boukari
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402
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Akokponhoué Yanonvoh Nesny, Yalo Nicaise, Akokponhoué Houngnigbo Bertrand, Youan Ta Marc, Agbahoungba George
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426
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Bakayoko Yacouba, Kouakou Amani Michel, Dibi Konan Evrard Brice, Ehounou Adou Emmanuel, Essis Brice Sidoine, N’zué Boni, Kouassi Abou Bakari, N’guetta Assanvo Simon-Pièrre, Adebola Patrik
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448
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European Scientific Journal (ESJ)
ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print)
ISSN: 1857 - 7431 (Online)
Contact: contact@eujournal.org
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'eujournal.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
Publisher: European Scientific Institute, ESI.
ESI cooperates with Universities and Academic Centres on 5 continents.
